(7HM(e 4t6u Sen&en)
Sweat yZ rfedd-WMAti
0e*ttei fan Than Sutem and %**& rf(fUc**t Studies
1971
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
CENTER FOR NEAR E/.rERN & NOTTH AFRICAN STUDIES
TKEU.;: Z....1 Ci : MICHIGAN /
1, i L..;.'E H..LL
,RNN ARBQft, MICiUAN 4S1C4 U.SA
i
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Mat) of Morocco
El Jadida )°
Safi ?°
Tangier^ ^ Sebta
Tetouan
Larache
^K 1-- H o ^eima
Chechaouen
Oujda
Sale/
RaJ>a*t
Casablanc? -^ l5
Volubilis
o Fez °
Taza
Meknes
Sef rou
Azrou
Midelt
Ksar es Souk
Marrakesh
Erfoud
Ouarzazatfe
Zagora
Goulimine
DISTANCES FROM CASABLANCA IN MILES
Al Hoceima . • . . 338
Agadir 330
Azrou 189
Chechaouen .... 205
El Jadida 62
Erfoud 4 03
Fez 183
Goulimine 453
Larache 180
Marrakesh ,
Meknes
Midelt
Ouarzazate
149
146
267
273
Oujda 403
Rabat 58
Safi 158
Tangier 236
Taza 257
Tetuan 248
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
rf Ctotoftanative Study o£ t6e Senfex Vcakcte oZ
rfyt TTyacfie 4*td fry? SeyAnoucAm
Sx«e4t JT /tedd-THaud
&Mte* fan %a* Sutefut cutd %nt& /fyticaa Stuctiet
mt
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
To Mohamed Raamouch
and Mohammed Guerssel
Copyright (c^ by Ernest T. Abdel-Massih
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Foreword
The preparation of this volume and the accompanying one,
A Course in Spoken Tamazight , was initiated and supported by the
University of Michigan Center for Near Eastern and North African
Studies as part of its general program of research and training
on the languages and cultures of North Africa. A series of
studies in anthropology, history and political science are in
preparation, as well as instructional materials on Moroccan
Arabic.
We are indebted to the Ford Foundation, which is in no way
responsible for the specific consequences, for the grants to the
Center that have made this work possible. We are most grateful
for the tolerance of the people and government of Morocco in
accommodating, and often actively assisting, the work of our faculty
and students.
W.D. Schorger
Director
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Acknowledgements
This book and its companion, A Course in Spoken Tamazight ,
were made possible by the cooperation of a number of individuals.
In particular, I would like to express my appreciation to Mr.
Mohammed Raamouch whose comments and constructive remarks were a
great help to me in the formulation of the grammar of Ayt Ayache.
Thanks are also due to Mr. Mohammed Guerssel who, by his linguistic
competence and insightful observations, contributed greatly to the
comparative notes on the two dialects.
In addition, I would like to express my thanks to Professor
William D. Schorger, who, as Director of the Center for Near
Eastern and North African Studies at the University of Michigan,
initiated the program of research on North African languages and
linguistics. The Center defrayed the costs of research assistants,
field trips, typists, tapes and tape recordings, as well as, provid-
ing me with the time and opportunity to carry out the field research
and the analysis.
I owe an especial debt to my colleagues Professor Ernest N.
McCarus and Professor Gene M. Schramm who gave their time freely for
linguistic discussions during the early stages of the research that
led to the formulation of this present work; I am grateful to them
for their many creative suggestions.
Also, I wish to extend thanks to Professor Lionel Galand of
L'Ecole Nationale des Langues Orientales Vivantes, Paris, for his
helpful comments on an earlier draft of the units, particularly the
-VI-
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Ayt Ayache materials.
And I am also grateful to Professor J. Bynon of the School of
Oriental and African Studies, University of London for his en-
lightening discussions on the problems of Tamazight phonology and
word boundary.
I am deeply grateful to my wife, Cecile, whose patience, con-
stant encouragement and deep understanding have sustained my efforts
throughout the work on this book.
Ann Arbor, Michigan E.T.A.
January, 1971
-vii-
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Introduction
This book grew out of the great need for a short
reference grammar of the Berber language in general and
of the Taraazight dialect in particular that could be used
by college students in an elementary course. The first
version of the present grammar (1966) concentrated on the
phonology and the morphology of the Ayt Ayache dialect of
Tamazight and was used in an experimental class organized
at the University of Michigan. The second version was
completed in 1968, Work of the grammar of Ayt Seghrouchen
Tamazight began in December 1968. The formulation of the
comparative notes came after the completion of the grammar
of the two affiliated dialects.
The language of this book is Tamazight, a dialect of
Berber, spoken in the Middle Atlas Mountains of Morocco.
Berber is spoken mainly in North Africa (Libya, Tunisia,
Algeria and Morocco) and in Siwa (UAR). It is also spoken
by the Tuareg groups in Muritania and the countries of
the Sahara (Mali, Niger and Chad). Berber, a branch of the
Afro-Asiatic family of languages is exclusively an unwritten
language. It is divided into some three hundred or more
distinct local dialects. The number of the speakers of
Digitized by V1 ~ Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
1 2
Berber have been estimated to be 5* 000,000 to 7*000,000
and over 10,000,000 . Berber speakers are discontinuously
distributed from the Siwa Oasis in Egypt to the Atlantic
Ocean and from the Niger River to the Mediterranean Sea,
(See the map on p. vi for the distribution of the Berber
dialects in general and the map on p. vii for the distribution
of the Berber dialects particularly in Morocco • ) It is
possible to distinguish four basic dialect groups of Berber:
I. Tamazight , a dialect of the Middle Atlas Mountains
in Central Morocco. Among the speakers of Tamazight
(which number approximately 2,000,000) are the
following groups (tribes, subtribes ) :
Beni Ouarain, Ait Mbrghi, Ait Alaham, Ait Youb,
Marmoucha, Ait Seghrouchen, Ait Youssi, Beni Mguild,
Zaiane, Zemmour, Ait Rbaa, Ait Seri, Beni Mtir,
Guerouane, Ait Segougou, Ait Morghad, Ait Ayache,
Ait Hadlddou, Ait Izdeg, Ait Sikhmane, Ait Atta.
II. Tashelhit (or Shilha ), dialect of the High and
Anti-Atlas and the Sous Valley in Southern Morocco.
There are approximately 2,000,000 speakers of this
dialect.
1
2
3
Encyclopedia of Islam, vol. I, Pasciulus 19* Leiden,
Netherlands, 1959, p. 1177.
Ju. N. Zavadovskij, Berberski . jazyk ( The Berber Language ),
Moscow, 1967, P* 7.
Encyclopedia Britannica, vol. 3, Encyclopedia Britannica Inc.,
Wm. Benton, Chicago, 1970, p. 4§6.
- ix -
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
III. Zenatiya, a dialect of about 2,000,000 speakers.
Zenatiya distinguishes the following sub -groupings :
a) Rifian or Tarifit (spoken by about
0.5 million Rifians in Northern and
Northeastern Morocco)
b) Kabyli (spoken by about 1,300,000 speakers),
dialect of the Kabyle tribes in the Kabyle
Mountains of Algeria
c ) Zenatiya Mzabian (spoken by about 25,000
speakers in Mzab by the Mzabites of Ghardaia)
d) Shawia or Tashawi t (spoken by about 150,000
speakers in the Aures Mountains of Algeria)
IV. Tamashek, dialect of the Tuareg groups in
Muritania and the open Sahara.
Many speakers of Berber in North Africa are bilingual,
with Arabic being their second language. Many of the men speak
Berber, Arabic and French, while the women are more conservative.
The main focus of the language of this book is the Tamazight
dialects of Ayt Ayache and Ayt Seghrouchen. Ayt Ayache is a
tribe composed of twenty-two villages along the Ansegmir River,
at the foot of Ayachi Mountain, about thirty kilometers west
of the town of Midelt. The limit on the east is National
Highway No. 21, on the south the Ayt Yahya tribe at Road No. 3420
and on the north and west the Beni Mguild tribe at Road No. 3422.
Digitized by" x
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
C 0)
vH r ^ bDfcO
CO ^5 CO CO CD
•H -H bG 5h ^
£ ,Q W 3 CO
CO CO CD O 2
W S<C^'Eh
i! II II
CO C5
o
x:
bO
C -H CO
CD
CO N JC
rH
•H CO H
>>
<4H S "H
rO
-h co x:
C£ £h CO
S
II li II
it
ps eh w
«
co
Digitized
UN I VERS I TY Of M l
Tangier /~\ Ceuta
Oujda
Ca sab lane
^"**Marrakesh****
****************
fr**************
Agadir/^ *************
/**************
'**************
fr*************
e-*******
* Ourzazate
11 I I I 1 I I I n
Zenatiya (Rifian) Speakers
Tamazight Speakers
Tashelhis (Shilha) Speakers
MM
Geographic Distribution of Berber Dialects in Morocco
- xii -
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Ayt Ayache Tamazight is mutually intelligible with the speech
of neighboring tribes. Ayt Seghrouchen is a much larger tribe
than Ayt Ayache. It is divided into three major sub-tribes:
(1) Ayt Seghrouchen of Sidi Ali, known as Ayt Seghrouchen of
Tichikout, (2) Ayt Seghrouchen of Imouzzer and (3) Ayt
Seghrouchen of Talesinnt, The limits of the Ayt Seghrouchen
of Sidi Ali are the Beni Ouarain to the north, Ayt Youssi to the
south, Ayt Seghrouchen of Imouzzer and Beni Mguild to the
west and southwest and Oulad El-Haj to the east. Ayt Seghrouchen
of Imouzzer lies about 30 kilometers south of Fez, surrounded
by Ayt Youssi, Beni Mtir and the town of Sefrou. The limits of
Ayt Seghrouchen of Talesinnt are Oulad El-Haj, Ayt Yafelmane,
the town of Midelt and Beni Gull. Both Ayt Ayache and
Ayt Seghrouchen live by farming and by tending and rearing
sheep. The main handicraft industry is tapestry.
Berber literature is, of course, mainly oral. It is this
lack of written documents that makes the tracing of the history
of the language somewhat difficult. However, attempts were
made very early to record the language, using various writing
systems. The oldest inscriptions come to us from Tunisia and
Algeria and are over 2,000 years old. They are written in a
consonantal system which resembles that of contemporary
Tuareg. The national Berber alphabet is that of the Tuareg
tribes, known as Tifinagh; it is composed of strokes, arcs,
and dots as well as combinations of these. In this system,
- xiii -
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
individual words are not separated and one can write from
left to right or from right to left, from top to bottom
ot from bottom to top. The Tuaregs call the symbols
Tafineqq (singular) and Tifinagh (plural). The Tuaregs
have no manuscripts, strictly speaking, only short notes
on pots, bracelets, shields, etc. The only Berber texts we
have are written in Arabic script. These are mainly religious
texts used for instruction in Islam.
Following is a simplified table with samples of the
Libyan inscriptions and Tuareg (Tifinagh), both ancient
and contemporary inscriptions, with the corresponding Arabic
script and phonetic equivalents.
Phonetic
Equiv.
Libyan
Tuareg
(Tifinagh )
— —
Corresponding
Arabic Script
ancient
con temp.
b
©
tn © ^
^
t
+ 3
X 4-
■-*•
o
m
J
LJ «lj
3 C
f
z
~
i-U
X %
j
K
£— I—
V \\
•: ;*
a)
I
/
HXXIX
G
y
d
<> T ^
Z^<><P
5 ?/> 24
ij
n
c ^
a n vu
4
Table of Berber and Arabic Script
Digitized b)
-xiv-
UNIVER5ITV OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
This book is intended to be used mainly as a reference
grammar for the dialect of Ayt Ayache, but, more importantly,
it can serve as a source for the comparative study of the two
dialects: Ayt Ayache and Ayt Seghrouchen. The order of pre-
sentation of the morphology of the dialects is arbitrary and,
therefore, is not binding for the user.
At the beginning of each chapter appears a short summary
of the contents of that section. Comparative notes on the two
dialects sometimes appear at the end of a chapter (e.g.,
I. Phonology, II. The Numerical System, III. Pronominal Systems,
IV. The Noun, VI. The Verb). However, in Chapter V, "Particles",
a full discussion of each of the different groups of particles is
given for Ayt Seghrouchen following that of Ayt Ayache. This is
due to the great lexical difference between the two dialects in
this domain.
Chapter VII. "Sentences" lists examples consisting of 157
pairs of sentences to exemplify the different structures of the
two dialects. The first member of each pair of sentences is from
Ayt Ayache, the second from Ayt Seghrouchen.
In studying the grammatical point in issue, often the user
will find numerous examples listed. This serves a dual purpose:
the exemplification of the grammatical point under discussion
and the provision of additional lexical items.
■• xv ■•
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
It is hoped that this book may serve as a reference grammar
for its twin, A Course in Spoken Tamazight (Center for Near East-
ern and North African Studies, the University of Michigan, 1971),
for indeed they complement one another. Usage of both texts is
indispensable for mastery of Tamazight.
Ann Arbor, Michigan
January 1971 E.T.A
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN -™ 1 - UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword v
Acknowledgements vi
Introduction viii
I. Phonology
1.1 Consonants and Vowels of Tamazight, Ayt Ayache 2
1. 1.1 Explanation of Phonological Terms 2
1.1.2 Pronunciation of Consonants and Semi -Vowels 5
1.2 Vowels 11
1.3 Structure of the Syllable 15
1.4 Stress.. 17
Notes on the Phonology in Ayt Seghrouchen(A.S. ) 19
II. The Numerical System
11. 1 Cardinal Numbers 22
11. 2 Ordinal Numbers 29
11. 3 Fractions 31
Notes on the Numerical System in Ayt Seghrouchen(A.S. ). . . . 33
III. Pronominal Systems
III. 1 Personal Pronouns 35
III. 1.1 Independent Forms 35
III. 1.2 Emphatic Personal Pronouns 35
111. 2 Possessive Pronouns 36
111. 2.1 Independent Set 36
111. 2. 1.1 Masculine 36
111. 2. 1.2 Feminine 36
111. 2. 2 Possessive Pronominal Suffixes 37
111. 2. 2.1 Suffixed to Nouns Ending in Consonant 37
111. 2. 2. 2 Suffixed to Nouns Ending in Vowel 39
111. 2. 2. 3 Used with Kinship Terms 40
111. 3 Pronominal Affixes for Verbs and Prepositions... 44
111. 3.1 Affirmative 46
111. 3. 1.1 With Intransitive Verbs : Indirect Objects 46
111. 3. 1.2 With Transitive Verbs :Direct Objects 49
111. 3.2 Negative 52
111. 3. 2.1 With Intransitive Verbs : Indirect Objects 52
111. 3. 2. 2 With Transitive Verbs tDirect Objects 55
- xvii -
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
III. 3. 3 Interrogative 58
111. 3. 3.1 With Intransitive Verbs : Indirect Objects 58
111. 3. 3. 2 With Transitive Verbs :Direct Objects 6l
III. 3. 4 Negative Interrogative 63
111. 3. 4.1 With Intransitive Verbs : Indirect Objects 63
111. 3. 4. 2 With Transitive Verbs :Direct Objects 66
111. 4 Demonstrative Pronouns (Independent Set ) 69
111. 4.1 Singular 69
111. 4. 2 Plural 69
111. 4. 3 Demonstrative Pronominal Suffixes 69
111. 4. 3.1 /-&#/, /-in:#/ 69
111. 4. 3.2 /-d: / 70
111. 4. 3. 3 /-n:a/ 70
111. 4. 4 The Demonstrative ha,han 71
111. 4. 4.1 ha + Personal Pronouns 71
111. 4. 4. 2 hat 72
111. 5 Relative Pronouns 72
111. 5.1 Subject 72
111. 5. 2 Object 74
111. 6 Indefinite Pronouns, 74
111. 6.1 Proximate Indefinite Pronouns 74
111. 6.2 Remote Indefinite Pronouns 75
111. 6. 3 Every, Each 76
Notes on the Pronominal System in Ayt Seghrouchen(A.S. ). . . 77
IV. Grammar of the Noun
IV. 1 Introduction 87
IV.2 Basic and Derived Noun Stems and Nouns 88
3V.2 . 1 Basic Noun Stems and Nouns 88
IV. 2 . 2 Derived Noun Stems and Nouns 92
IV. 3 Definiteness, Gender and Number 92
IV. 3.1 Definite/Indefinite 92
IV. 3. 2 Gender and Number 93
IV. 3.2.1 Noun Affixes 93
IV.3.2.1-a Masculine Singular Prefixes 93
IV.3.2.1-b Masculine Plural Prefixes 94
IV. 3 . 2 . 1-c Feminine Singular Affixes 95
IV.3.2.1-d Feminine Plural Affixes 96
IV. 4 Plural Nouns 97
TV. 4.1 Masculine Plurals 97
IV. 4. 1.1 External Plurals (Sound Plurals) 97
IV.4.1.2 Internal Plurals (Broken Plurals) 104
TV.4.1.3 Mixed Plurals 107
IV. 5 Feminine Plurals 109
IV.5 . 1 External Plurals (Sound Plurals ) 109
IV.5.2 Internal Plurals (Broken Plurals) Ill
IV.5.3 Mixed Plurals 112
- xviii -
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
IV. 6 Miscellaneous 114
IV.6.1 Plurals with /id-/ (m,f) and /ist:/ (f) n4
IV.6.2 Plurals with /ayt-/ (m) 115
IV.6.3 Plurals of Different Roots 115
IV. 6. 4 Diminutives 115
IV. 6 . 5 Augmentative 116
IV. 6 . 6 Collective Nouns 116
IV. 6. 6.1 Singular Collective Nouns 116
IV. 6. 6. 2 Plural Collective Nouns 117
IV.6.7 Noun of Unity 117
IV. 6. 8 Composed Nouns 118
IV.7 Construct State of the Noun 119
IV.7.1 Changes occuring in Masculine Nouns 119
IV. 7 .2 Changes occuring in Feminine Nouns 120
IV. 7. 3 Conditions for Construct State 121
Notes on the Noun in Ayt Seghrouchen (A. S. ) 126
V. Particles
V. 1 Interrogative Particles ( Ayt Ayache ) 132
V. 2 Interrogative Particles (Ayt Seghrouchen ) 137
V. 3 Conjunctions i4i
V. 3 . 1 Ayt Ayache i4l
V. 3 . 2 Ayt Seghrouchen 143
V. 4 Prepositions 14.5
V.4.1 Ayt Ayache 14.5
V. 4 . 2 Ayt Seghrouchen 147
V.5 Presentational Particles 149
V.6 Vocative Particles 150
V.7 Conditional Particles 150
VI. Grammar of the Verb
VI. 1 Basic and Derived Verb Stems 153
VI. 1.1 Basic Verb Stems 153
VI. 1.2 Derived Verb Stems 153
VI. 2 Verb Affixes 153
VI. 2.1 Movable Affixes 154
VI. 2. 2 Fixed Affixes 155
VI. 3 Classification of Verb Stems 160
VI. 3.1 The Different Ablauts l6l
VI. 3. 1.1 Zero Ablaut /0/ l6l
VI.3.1.2 [0:i/a] Ablaut 163
VI. 3. 1.3 Predictable Ablauts 165
VI.3.1.3-a [0:i] Ablaut 165
VI.3.1.3-b [a:u] Ablaut 165
VI. 3 . 1.4 Metathesis 165
VI. 3. 1.5 Predictable Changes in the Sub-class/d:u/ - /iri/. . 166
VI. 3. 2 Classes and Sub-classes of the Verb Stem Types 167
VI. 3. 2.1 Ablauted and Unablauted Types 167
VI. 3. 2. 2 Classes of the Ablauted Type 168
VI. 3. 2. 3 Classes of the Unablauted Type 169
- xix -
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
STE.3.2.4 Sub-classification of Verb Steins 169
VI. 3. 3 Illustrative Examples of Verb Conjugations 170
VI. 4 Derivational Processes . 174
VI. 4.1 Introduction 174
VI. 4. 2 Derivation of the Habitual VH of Unaugmented Stem.. 176
VI. 4. 3 Causative Stem Derivation. 179
VI. 4. 4 Recprocal Verb Stem Derivation 179
VI. 4. 5 Passive Berb Stem Derivation l8l
VI. 4 .6 Derived Noun Stems and Nouns 182
VI. 4. 6.1 Introduction 182
VT.4.6.2 Noun Stem Derivation 182
VI. 4. 7 Temporal and Modal Derivation 186
VI. 4. 7.1 Introduction 186
VI. 4. 7. 2 Derivation of Imperative Structures 187
VI. 4. 7.3 Derivation of Past Tense and Its Different Modes... 192
VI. 4. 7. 4 Derivation of Future Tense and Its Different Modes. 195
VI. 4. 7. 5 Derivation of Present Tense and Its Different Modes 197
VI. 4. 7. 6 Derivation of the Aorist 199
VI. 4. 7. 7 Derivation of the Participles 200
VI. 4. 7. 8 Summary of Rules for Tempo ral 3 Modal and Participle
Derivations 203
VI. 5 Morphophonemic Sketch 207
VI. 5 • 1 Introduction 207
VI. 5*2 General Rules of Verb Morphophonemics 207
VI. 5-3 Examples 210
Notes on the Verb in Ayt Seghrouchen(A.S. ) 216
Introduction to Verb Sample Appendix A (Ayt Ayache ) 240
Verb Sample Appendix A. (Ayt Ayache ) 245
List of Verbs (Ayt Ayache ) 262
Verb Sample Appendix B (Ayt Seghrouchen ) 283
VII. Sentences
A. 1 Verbless :Af f irmative 287
A. 2 Verbless : Interrogative 289
A. 3 Verbless: Negative 291
A. 4 Verbless: Negative-Interrogative 292
B. 1 Verbal Affirmative 293
B.l.l Sentences having one Verb 293
B.1.2 Sentences having two Verbs 300
B. 2 Verbal : Interrogative 308
B. 3 Verbal :Negative 311
B.4 Verbal :Negative-Interrogative 314
C. Imperative Structures 315
- xx -
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
TABLES, FIGURES AND ILLUSTRATIONS
Map of Morocco ±±
Geographic Distribution of the Major Berber Dialects xi
Geographic Distribution of Berber Dialects in Morocco xil
Table of Berber and Arabic Script xiv
Tables and Figures of Chapter I: Phonology
Table 1. - Tamazight Consonants and Semi-Vowels 4
Table 2.- Tamazight Vowels 4
Figure 1.- Diagram of the Organs of Speech 3
Figure 2 . - Tongue position for /t/. . . '. q
Figure 3. - Tongue position for /t/ 9
Figure 4. - Tongue position for /s/ 10
Figure 5 . - Tongue position for /s/ 10
Table 3 . - Tamazight Vowel Alloph6nes 12
Tables and Figures of Chapter VI; The Verb, in Ayt Ayache
Table 1.- Second Person Imperative Suffixes (A. A. )... 15 8
Table 2.- Hortatory Suffixes (A. A.) 158
Table 3. - Ayt Ayache /-PNG-/ Affixes 159
Table 4.- Person-Number-Gender Paradigms for Unablauted
Stems (A. A.) 171
Table 5.- Person-Number- Gender Paradigms for [0:0] Ablauted
Stems (A. A.) 172
Table 6.- Person-Number-Gender Paradigms for [0:i/a]
Ablauted Stems (A . A . ) 173
Tables 7-13.- Imperative Structures (A .A.) 190-192
Tables 14-17.- Past Tense Structures (A. A.) 193-194
Tables 18-21.- Future Tense Structures (A. A.) 196-197
Tables 22-25.- Present Tense Structures (A. A.) 198-199
Table 26.- Aorist Structures (A. A.) '. 200
Tables 27-29.- Participles (A. A. ) 201-202
Tables of Comparative Notes to Chapter VI (Ayt Seghrouchen)
Table 1. - Second Person Imperative Suffixes (A.S. ) 217
Table 2.- Hortatory Suffixes (A.S.) 217
Table 3.- -PNG- Affixes (A.S.) 217
Tables 4 T 11.- Conjugations of Unablauted Stems (A.S.) 220-223
Tables 12-23.- Conjugations of 0:0 Ablauted Stems (A.S.).. 224-229
Tables 24-27.- Conjugations of i/a Ablauted Stems (A.S.).. 230-231
Tables 28-31.- Conjugations of i/u Ablauted Stems (A.S.).. 232-233
Tables 32-35.- Conjugations of a-u Ablauted Stems (A.S.).. 234-235
Tables 36-39.- Conjugations of a-i Ablauted Stems (A.S.).. 236-237
- xxi -
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
I . Phonology
This section discusses the phonology of Ayt Ayache (A .A.)
Tamazight citing examples to illustrate the different phonol-
ogical features of this dialect. At the very end of this
section a few notes on the phonology of Ayt Seghrouchen (A.S.)
are included. The two dialects are very much alike in their
phonological systems except for the fact that /k/ and /g/
are fricatives in Ayt Ayache whereas they are stops in Ayt
Seghrouchen
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight Phonology
I. Phonology
1.1 Tamazight^ Ayt Ayache dialect 3 has the following consonants:
/btd kgq §z xy mnlr h^h/ (See Table 1)
and the following vowels:
/i u a/ (See Table 2)
I. 1.1 The terms used in Table 1 are here explained in terms of
the articulators that help produce the different sounds.
These are followed by explanations of the terms voiced
and voiceless , lax and tense > labialized and finally flat .
It is also suggested that the student refer to Figure 1.
for a better understanding of these terms.
Bilabial : lower lip and upper lip
Labio-dental : lower lip and upper teeth
Dental : apex of tongue and upper teeth
Alveolar : apex of tongue and alveolar ridge
Alveo-palatal : apex of tongue and front part of palate
Palatal: tongue blade and palate
Post palatal : tongue blade and back of palate
Velar : tongue dorsum and velum
Uvular : tongue dorsum and uvula
Pharyngeal : root of the tongue and pharynx (constriction)
Glottal: produced in the larynx by constriction of the two
vocal chords
Voiced (vd): during the production of voiced sounds the
vocal chords are closed
Voiceless (vl): during the production of voiceless sounds
the vocal chords are open
Lax : a speech sound produced with little muscular tension
in the speech organs; e.g. /b/
Tense : a speech sound produced with great muscular tension
in the speech organ; e.g. /b:/
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Phonology
Upper Lip
Lower Lip
Dorsum
cot p ar y nx
Figure 1
Diagram of the Organs of Speech
3
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Phonology
rH
rH
cd
H
rH
Jh
cd
rH
•H
CO
cd
cd
*p
rH
cd
bD
rH
•H
1 -P
rH
rH
■ cd
cd
■p
Sh
£
cd
rQ
O £
cd
O
O rH
4->
cd
^
cd
>>
•P
cd
•H 0)
-P
CD
CD cd
cd
-P rH
cd
rH
Jh
•P
rH
.o Q
c
>
> Q*
rH
w cd
rH
2
cd
O
•H
3
CD
rH
rH
cd
o cx
CD
>
x:
rH
PQ
Q
<
<
Ph
a*
>
^
CL,
&
stop *J;
t
k
Q
9
— -i —
b
d
K
Pric vl *
* ric * vd.
f
s
§
X
h
h
z
X
Y
- T — -
Nasal
m
n
Lateral
1
Flap
r
Serai-Vowel
1
y
W
Table I: Tamazight Consonants and Semi-Vowels
Front
Central
Back
High
i
u
Low
a
Table 2: Tamazight Vowels
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight Phonology
Labialized : a speech sound produced with added lip
rounding; e.g., /q/ = [q] or [q w ].
Flat : a speech sound produced by pressing the blade of
the tongue against the palate so that the articula-
tion is velarized rather than dental; e.g. /t/
»
1.1.2 Remarks on the pronunciation of the consonants and semi-
vowels of Ayt Ayache Tamazight:
a) /btdfsslzzmnhwy/
Group (a) are to varying degrees the same as in English .
However the following slight differences are here noted
for this Berber dialect:
1. /b/ which is a voiced bilabial stop can sometimes
be heard as voiced bilabial fricative [p] by very
few speakers; e.g., /lbab/ [ipse(3 ] 'the door'
2. /t/ has more puff with the air release than is
the case in English; e.g.: /tafunast/ [t h sefunaesUi ] 'cow'
3. On the other hand, we would like to note that /s/
is pronounced as in English "she", e.g., /sa/ 'some',
/z/ is pronounced as in English ''measure"; e.g.
/zhd/ 'to be strong', /h/ is pronounced as in English
"he", e.g. /dhn/ 'to rub ointment'. Finally /I/ in
Tamazight is pronounced as English "clear" [1]; i.e.,
when preceding a vowel in English as in "lazy" or
"late", but not like dark [1] in English, i.e. when
following a vowel as in "feel". Tamazight /l/ is
like the first [1] in English "level" but not the
second one; e.g. Tamazight /lalal/ 'no' where all the
three l's are pronounced like the first [1] in English
"level".
Digitized by " Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight Phonology
b) /k g q xv he r/ 1 ( for Comparative Notes on this
, . chapter see pp, 19-70)
Group (b) do not exist in English.
1. Of group (b) /k/ and /g/ are fricatives in
Ayt Ayache (though they are stops in other dia-
lects of Berber as well as in English; e.g.;
/irkm/ 'it (m. ) boiled', /iga/ ! he did 1 .
2. /q xyh? / are all back consonants known as
"gutterals". Their place of articulation is
uvular ( /q x Y /) and pharyngeal (Ac /).
3. /q/ is a voiceless uvular stop that is produced
by the tongue dorsum (back) forming a stop against
the uvula. Notice that the place of articulation
for Berber /q/ is further back than that of
English A/: e.g., /taqdurt/ 'a pot 1 .
4. A/ is a voiceless velar fricative. Its place
of articulation is uvular. To pronounce A/
produce English A/ then move the dorsum (back
of the tongue) back and produce a fricative;
this produces A/* This will sound like the
"ch" in German doch, lachen and nach; e.g.,
Aali/ r my maternal uncle 1 .
5. /y/ is a voiced velar fricative. It has the
same place and manner of articulation as A/.
Try to produce English /g/ then move the dorsum
of your tongue back and produce the fricative / Y /.
Let us call /y/ the "gargling" sound; e.g.,
Ay us / ! he burnt f .
6. A/ is a voiceless pharyngeal fricative. As we
know pharyngeal sounds are produced by a constric-
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazlght Phonology
tion of the root of the tongue against the
pharynx. This is not an easy sound for non-
natives. It is advisable to practice pronoun-
cing /h/ by producing a vigorous constriction
of the pharynx slightly below and behind the
extreme edge of the velum. This can be achieved
by drawing the body of the tongue back toward
the posterior wall of the pharynx with consider-
able force. Try this and it should produce /h/.
Let us call this sound the "panting" sound; e.g.,
/hml/ 'to flood' .
7. A/ is a voiced pharyngeal fricative. If you
try to pronounce the English vowel "a" as in
"father" with your tongue pressed down, you will
hear A/ which we will call the "bleating" sound;
e.g., /lcil/ 'the boy'.
8. /r/ is a flap, i.e., a sound that is produced
by the very rapid viberation of the tip of the
tongue (apex); e.g., /ira/ ! he wanted'.
Fl&tness, Labialization and Tenseness
a) The domain of flatness , i.e., that of emphatic* conso-
nants (also velarized and pharyngealized are terms used
in this connection) is the syllable. We call /t d s z
«...
1 r / a primary Tamazight "emphatic" set, the occurence
of which affects other non-emphatic segments"** to become
Emphatic articulation refers to the pressing of the blade of the
tongue against the palate in formation of some consonant sounds;
the articulation is then velarized rather than dental or pharyngeal-
ized rather than velar.
The term segment refers to a minimal portion of speech consisting
of a spoken language item known as a consonant or a vowel.
Digitized by '
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight Phonology
emphatic. This latter set is here termed secondary-
emphatic set. Notice that in pronouncing the plain
non-emphatic consonant the position of the tip of the
tongue is dental for, let us say /t/ and the back of
the tongue is depressed whereas in pronouncing its em-
phatic counterpart /t/ > the tip of the tongue is touch-
ing the alveolar ridge and the back of the tongue is
raised up toward the velum. Also, note that in the
case of the pronunciation of an emphatic consonant the
lip muscles are contracted and the lips are extended
ventrally whereas they are relaxed when pronouncing the
plain consonants. (See figures 2 and 3 for /t/,/t/
and figures 4 and 5 for /s/ 5 /s/).
Examples of emphatic/non-emphatic consonants :
/tizi/ a pass
/tizi/ pubic hair
/bdu/ to begin
/bdu/ to share
/tzur/ she is fat
/tzur/ she visited holy places
b) Labialization is a feature of the back consonants
/k g q Xy /. It is manifested as simultaneous lip
rounding when producing any of the above mentioned
consonants. Thus /q/ or /q/ is pronounced as [q w ].
Labialization is an important feature for /k g q/ but
not for /x y/: e.g.,
/s:k:r/ sugar
/nk:r/ we got up
8
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Phonology
Figure 2: tongue position for /t/
Figure 3: tongue position for /t/
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
9
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Phonology
Figure 4: tongue position for /s/
Figure 5: tongue position for /s/
10
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight Phonology
/ag:a/ he is
/ag:a/ a burden
/n:q:rt/ he shook it (m. ) off
/n:q:rt/ silver
• *
/lY§:A /lyS:/ cheating
/axm:as/ *- /axmras/ share-cropper
c) A tense" " (also fortis ) consonant in general is produced
with more force than its lax (also lenis ) counterpart.
The intensity and aspiration which are characteristic of
the tense consonants give them a syllabic quality
(i.e. maximum degree of sonority in the syllable) so
that /b:/ is heard as [°bbf*or [ X bb]; this is trans-
cribed in most other systems that treated Berber phono-
logy /ebb/ or /ebb/ or/ebb/. In our system of trans-
cription this will be realized as /b:/ and pronounced
as fbb] except when proceeded by a vowel, e.g.
/d:u/ [®ddu] to go
/id: a/ [id4e] he went
1.2. Vowels
Tamazight has three vowels: /i u a/ (See Table 2).
Allophones of the three vowels are shown in Table 3. The
marking convention shown in Table 3 is to be understood as
follows :
Tense or fortis here refers to a consonant pronounced with strong-
er articulation and greater tension on the muscles of the arti-
culator, and usually, aspiration. Lax or lenis here refers to a
consonant pronounced with lesser muscular tension in the sneech organ
and weaker, laxer articulation and, usually, no aspiration.
•** r
a raised up vowel -[ \ [ ± \ [ x ] denotes that is a purely phonetic
non-constrastive element.
11
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Phonology
[+] denotes the presence of a particular feature ( e.g.
[+ front] or [-fhigh]) for a certain segment.
i
i
i) e
u
Uj
88
•
ae
a
Front
+
+ +
+
Centralized
+
+
Eack
+
f +
+
High
+
+
+
Lowered
+ +
+ +
Low
+
+
+
1
i
T
e
u
TJ
o
se
ae
Table 3: Tamazight Vowel Allophones
as in English "beat", "eat", "feet"
does not commonly occur in English
as in English "bit", "fit"
similar to the initial vowel part of the
English words "eight", "ace"
as in English "food", "boot", "sue"
as in English "book", "wood"
roughly as in English "coat"
as in English "sat", "hat", "mat"
does not commonly occur in English but cor-
responds roughly to vowel in "cut"
corresponds roughly to the English vowel in
"father"
Henceforth the following notations will be used:
C = /bftdszszkgq/
H = /h h w y /
L=/lrmn/
X = C, H and L
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
12
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Phonology
y, x = /y x/
X - Cj Hj L, Y and x
V = / a i u /
Diacritics /./ and /:/ may be added and thus give, for example,
/C/ and /C:/ representing /t/ and /t:/ respectively.
• • • •
In the formulation of phonological rules the following
conventions are used:
A >B A is rewritten as (or replaced by) B
(A)B or B(A) A is optionally present, B is obli-
gatorily present
{ A }
r | Either A or B occurs in this positior
{ B }
A--->B/ C A is rewritten
A--->B/C A is rewritten as B after C
Vowel Allophones (# denotes word boundary y e.g. /-a# and #a-/
mean final and initial /a/ respectively)
1. /i/ _>[!] / r #
ini
sdid
2 . /i /-
id: a
td:id
[M
to say
to be thin
he went
you (s. ) went
i
/i,*=i
/!/■
smid
to be cold
zwiY
to be red
bxin
to be black
J
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
13
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Phonology
A/
■> [iy]/x
#
8.
is:frhi
is :fhmi
he made me happy
he made me understand
/u/-
umsy
ufiy
idrus
ifs :us
I painted
I found
It (m) is little
It (m) is light
/u/
idur
at rbdud
adimrur
lxudrt
he turned
you (s ) will share
he will grow up
vegetables
7. /u/ >[wj/x(:l
#
bdu
f :u
to begin
to dawn
azn
sal
n:ay
to send
to ask
to fight
14
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazlght
Phonology
9. /a/
-> Cafe]
X(,) #
da
la
hn:a
here
no
to be peaceful
10. /a/
hadr
taib
■> W
to be present
to demand
1.3 Structure of the Syllable
If /X/ is followed by /X/ without an intervening /V/ there
is a predictable transition. Transition between /X/ and /X/ is
heard as Vocalic and is represented here by a superscript schwa
[ ] to show that it is a phonetic element (schwa occurs as the
first speech sound formation in English "about " or as the last
speech sound formation in English "sofa"). Thus a word such as
/frh Y / "I was happy" is phonetically [#f 9 rh G r #] consisting of
two syllables. [® ] is realized as [I ] before front consonants
(e.g. /b, t, d.../) and as [a] before back consonants (e.g.
/k, x.../). It is also heard as voiced before voiced consonants
(e.g. /b, g.../) and as voiceless before voiceless consonants
(e.g. /f, t .../).
The rules governing the predictability of [ 9 ] may be stated
as follows:
1. /#X(:)#/ > [# 9 X(:)#] /g/
/s/
/g:/
A:/
[ a g]
[ 9 s]
'to be, to do'
1 to give '
[ 9 g:] 'to knead'
[ k: ] 'to pass'
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
15
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Phonology
2. /#X X (:)#/
f [#X|X 8 (:)# / X x is not L
< [# e X 1 X e #]
[#X 1 X 8 #],
X x is L
3. / #X X :X 8 #/ — ->[#%:%#]
4. / #X 1 X S X 3 # /
f [#X 1 X|X 3 #]/ XiXgare not { l\
l H i
->i
~\-->
[/x 1 x 8 9 x 3 #]) /
[Xi X2 X3 ]
Kfa /'
s |H,L
[#X 1 8 X 8 ^X 3 #] / f L
XgX3 =
' H
J
5. / #XiX: 8 X 3 # / — > [#X X 8X:|X 3 #]
16
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
As/ [t 9 s]
/Si/ [i 8 i]
/bd:/ [b 9 d:]
' to laugh '
'to spend a day'
'to stand up'
/ns/
As/
/f:r/
/f:r/
A:m/
•to spend
the night'
'to get dressed'
C 9 ns]
[n 9 s]
[ 9 ls]
[l 9 s]
[ 9 f: e r] 'to hide'
[ 9 f: 9 Y ] 'to go out'
[ 9 l: Q m] 'to spin'
[xd 9 m]
[db e Y ]
/xdm/
/db Y /
/xdc/ [xd 9 c]
/z*f/ |> 9 f]
/hdm/
/hbl/
/nfh/
Adl/
[ 9 hd 9 m
[h 9 d 9 m
[ 9 hb 9 l
[h 9 b 9 l
[ 9 nf 9 h
[n 9 f 8 n
[ 9 <-d 9 i
[* 9 d 9 i
[d 9 m 9 n
[f 9 h 9 m
/frh/ [f 9 r 9 h
/dmn/
/fhm/
'to work 1
'to dye'
'to deceive'
'to get mad'
'to demolish'
'to become
silly'
'to sniff
tobacco'
'to repair'
'to guarantee'
'to understand 1
'to be happy'
/fs:r/ [f 9 s: 9 r] 'to spread'
/sn:d/ [s 9 n: 9 d] 'to lean against'
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight Phonology
/xm:m/ [x 9 m: 9 m] f to think 1
/wk:l/ [w k: 1] 'to appoint
as representa-
tive 1
The postulation of the phonetic syllable shown above supports
the transcription of the data of this grammar where three (or more)
non-vocalic segments appear next to each other: e.g., /tbrmnt/
"you (f.p.) turned" which is here represented phonetically as
[t 9 b 9 r: 9 m 9 nt].
Words with the structure XVX, VXX, or XV consist of one
syllable: e.g., /sal/ "to ask", /sib/ "to become white-haired",
Aum/ "to swim", /af/ "to find", /amz/ "to take", /fa/ "to yawn".
Words consisting of vowels and consonants follow the same rules
shown above: e.g., /dat:hadar/ "she is present" is phonetically
9 * *
[dat: hadar] i.e. consists of three syllables: Aad:r/ "to meet"
... # #
has two syllables |>ad: 9 r]. Note that /t:/ and /d:/ are not re-
9 • Q *
presented as [ t : ]and [ d:] as was stated before since they are
preceded by a vowel.
1.4. Stress
Word stress in Tamazight is a non-contrastive feature.
The occurence of word stress is predictable: primary stress falls
on the last vowel of the word (i.e. /V/ or [ 9 ] ).
Examples :
/sal/ 'to ask 1
A awn/ 'to help 1
/fek:&/ <to doubt 1
/sill/ 'to rinse 1
Aum/ 'to swim 1
/&mz/ 'to take 1
/af/ 'to find'
/rar/ 'to return'
/bdu/ 'to begin'
17
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Phonology
/adiniy/
/ndaw£/
/tfafad/
/isil/
/dayt :hadar/
1 1 will say 1
f we cured 1
1 you ( s . ) woke up f
T he asked 1
T he is present 1
The above statement applies to words that phonemically
do not contain a vowel /V/. As stated above ^ /bd:/ is phoneti-
cally [b 9 d:]j /frh/ is phonetically [fr 9 h] and /fs:r/ is phonetical-
ly [f s: r]. In these cases> word primary stress is on the [ 9 ]
of the last syllable.
Examples :
/bd:/
[b!d:]
/Is/
[l 9 s]
[ 9 ls]
/f:r/
[ 9 f : 9 r]
/frh/
•
[fr 9 h]
• -
/ndr/
[n 8 d®r]
l^nd^r]
'to stand up'
'to dress'
'to hide'
'to be happy'
'to moan*
/fs:r/ [fSs^r]
/tfsrrnt/ [t? f 3 s : 8 r^nt ]
'to explain'
'you (f.p.) explained'
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
18
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Phonology
Notes on the Phonology of Ayt Seghrouchen (A»S« ) Dialect of
Tamazight
/k/ and /g/ are stops in Ayt Seghrouchen. They are prononounced
the same as English /k/ and /g/.
Examples:
kl:f
Igirru
to entrust
cigarettes
Lax /q/ 5 A/ and /g/ do not occur in A.S.
• • •
^ /k:/ and /g:/ are tense counterparts of the stops /k/ and
/g/ in A.S.
Examples:
ik:r
ang:aru
he stood up
the last
19
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazlght Phonology
Additional Notes on the Phonology of Ayt Seghrouchen
The following phonological features are characteristic of
Ayt Seghrouchen.
(a) For some speakers the sequence /-It-/ is pronounced as
a side fricative, i.e. pronouncing Alt-/ producing
friction with air escaping at both sides of the tongue.
This, however, occurs in few words.
Examples:
ultma sister
xalti my maternal aunt
altu not yet
(b) Following a tense A:/ or /g:A the vowel /u/ has a
centralized allophone [u].
Examples:
l:ayg:ur he goes
sk:ura Sekoura (name of a village)
20
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
II. The Numerical System
This section discusses the Cardinal and the Ordinal
Numerals in Ayt Ayache with enough examples to illustrate
the structure of constructs with numerals. It also discusses
Fractions. The very few differences that occur in Ayt
Seghrouchen concerning the Numerical System are noted at
the end of this section.
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Numerical System
II. The Numerical System
II. 1 Cardinal Numerals
. (for Comparative Notes on
A. 1-3 (The Berber Numerals) this chapter see p. 33)
yu* 1 one (m)
yut one (f)
sin
snat
two (m)
two (f)
sraa
srat:
three (m)
three (f)
1-3 (The Arabic Numerals)
waiid one
tnayn two
tlata three
Remarks :
(1) The Arabic numerals 1-3 are used only for
counting in order without naming things (they are
INVARIABLE ) and in combination with the tens, e.g.
21, 33> 72, etc. The Berber numerals are used
elsewhere.
(2) The Berber numerals (1-3) answer such questions as:
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
22
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Numerical .System
shal l-wasun ay yurs ? How many children do you have?
- yul s ?il (<yun l?il) One boy.
- siysir : an (<sin nisir-.an) Two boys.
- srad isir-.an (<srad nisir:an) Three boys.
-fyut ntrbat:")
(<yut ntarbatj )
One girl.
yut 5 rbat: J
- snat ntsir : atin (<snat ntisir s atin) Two girls.
tsir : atin (<tisir s atin) is referred to as cs,
(construct state of the noun), see Grammar of the Noun.
or shal aya ?
shal ayin : ?
How much is this?
How much is that?
siw : ar:yal : (<sin nar s yal s )
srad war : yal ; (<srad nar s yal ; )
Two rials.
Three rials,
or
shal ntfunasin ay yurs ? How many cows do you have?
- yut ntfunast (<yut ntafunast) One cow.
- snat ntfunasin (<snat ntifunasin) Two cows.
- srat: ntfunasin (<srat: ntifunasin) Three cows.
Berber Numerals 1-3
Num + ( n ) + Noun ( sg ) c . s .
1 (+ Gender) ( + Gender)
Num + n + Noun (pi) c.s.
2-3 (+ Gender) (+ Gender)
23
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Numerical System
B.
Examples :
yun + n + l?il
-> yul:*il
yut + n + tad: art
sin + n + Ik-.isan
-> yut ntad:art
■> sil;k;isan
a boy (one boy)
a house (one house)
two glasses
snat + n + tad:rwin-
srad + n + lkjisan-
■> snat ntad:rwin two houses
-> srad l:k : isan three glasses
Srat: + n + tad:rwin vsrat: ntad;rwin three houses
4-10
rb?a
•
xmsa
st:a
sb?a
tmanya
ts?a
<?sra
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Num. 4-10 + n + Noun (pi) c.s. (m/f)
invariable
Examples :
rb?a + n + ar s yal :
rb<?a + n + tifunasin ^rb<ra ntfunasin four cows
_> rb?a w : ar s yal: four rials
*sra + n + ar s yal s ^<B§ra w s ar:yal : 10 rials
*sra + n + tifunasin »<?sra ntfunasin 10 cows
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
24
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tttmazight
Numerical System
C. 11 - 19
hda<?s
tna?s
rb?ta?s
xmsta?s
st:a?§
sb?ta?s
traita<?s
ts?fra?s
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Num 11 - iq + n + Noun (sg) c.s. (m/f)
invariable
Examples :
hda<?s w : ar : yal
hda?s ntfunast
ts?ta?s w s ar:yal
ts?ta?s ntfunast
D. 20 - o*>
?srin
waJjd u?srin
tnayn u<?srin
tlata w^srin
ts?a w?srin
tlatin
waljd u tlatin
sb?a wtlatin
11
rials
11
cows
19
rials
19
cows
20
21
22
23
29
30
31
37
25
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
•ence Grammar
Taraazight
rtKin
40
xmsin
50
st:in
60
sb?in
70
traanin
80
ts<?in
90
my : a
100
my : awrb<?a uxmsin
154
mitayn
200
mitayn uwahd ut latin
231
tit my s a
300
rb? my: a
400
xms my :a
500
st: my:a
600
sb? my:a
700
tmnt my: a
800
ts? my s a
900
ts?my s a wts?a wts?in
999
alf
1000
alfayn
2000
tit alaf
3000
rb? alaf
•
4000
st : alaf
6000
?sr alaf
•
10, 000
rb?ta?§r alf
•
14, 000
Numerical System
26
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight Numerical System
ray-, at alf 100,000
mitayn alf 200,000
mlyun 1, 000, 000
SuS mlayn 2, 000, 000
rb«?in mlyun 40,000,000
mlyar 1, 000, 000, 000
Num 20 - <** -t- n + Noun (sg) c.s. (m/f )
invariable
Examples :
st s a wfsrin l : ?il 26 boys
tmanya utlatin ntad:art 38 houses
ts? my : a uxmsa usb?in l:*il 975 boys
alf ust s a ust : in n tad: art 1066 houses
Remarks :
(1) The apocopated series / tit, rb<?, xms, st:,
sb<?, tmn, ts?/ is use a ± n the following constructs:
sb<? snin 7 years
rbc my : a 400
sb* alaf 7 ^ 000
tit mlayn 3,000,000
(2) The numerals 11-19 have two forms. One form ends in
/ r#/ and is used before /* am/ "year" or /alf/ "thousand"
in constructs such as 13 years (old) or 15,000. The other,
without / r #/ is used elsewhere.
27
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Numerical System
11 - 19:
Forms ending in
hda?sr ?am
tna?sr ?am
tlta?§r ?am
rb?ta?sr ?am
xmsta^sr yum
st:a?sr yum
sb<*ta?sr ?am
tmrita?sr ?am
ts?ta?sr ^am
xmsta?sr alf
r#/
11 years
12 years
13 years
14 years
15 days
16 days
17 years
18 years
19 years
15, 000
Compare the above with the following:
hda?s l : ?ii
titans ntrbat:
xmsta^s l s *il
ts?ta?s ntad:art
11 boys
13 girls
15 boys
19 houses
(3) my:a •* ay : at
Notice: /my: at/ is used before /alf/ or /ram/.
Examples:
my: a l : wasun
rb?my : a ntfunast
nc s at alf
my:at ?am
100 boys
400 cows
100, 000
100 years
28
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Numerical System
(1|) Sometimes one gets the following answer
iny : a q : l : ?sra 90 (rials)
my : a yir ?sra 90 (rials)
mitayn q : l : ?srin 180 (rials)
mitayn yir xmsa 195 (rials)
in response to;
shal aya ?
How much is this?
q:l: = minus
Yir = exc ept
Notice that such constructions as the above ("100 minus
10" ) are only used in connection with money, whereas
("5 minus 10 M ) constructions are used in telling the tine
Examples :
lxmsa q : l : <?sra 4:50 (time)
s : b?a yir ?srin 6:40 (time)
t s s?awxmsa 9:05 (time)
l?sraw?sra 10:10 (time)
II. 2 Ordinal Numerals
amzwaru (m)
tamzwarut: (f)
imzwura (m # p # )
timzwura (f # p # )
the first
the first
the first
the first
29
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazig ht
Numerical System
wis : sin (m)
tis : snat (f)
wis : §rad (m)
tis : srat: (f )
wis : rb?a (m)
tis : rb?a (f)
wis-.xrasa (m)
tis : xmsa (f)
wis ; st s a (m)
tis : st : a (f)
wis : slD?a (m)
tis:sb?a (f)
wis : tmanya (m)
tis:tmanya (f)
wis s ts?a (m)
tis : ts?a (f)
wisg^sra (m)
tis : ?sra (f)
wis : hda?s (m)
tis : hda<?s (f)
wis : st : a?s (m)
tis ; st;a?s (f)
wis : ts?ta?s (m)
tis s ts?ta?s (f)
the second
the second
the third
the third
the fourth
the fourth
the fifth
the fifth
the sixth
the sixth
the seventh
the seventh
the eighth
the eighth
the ninth
the ninth
the tenth
the tenth
the eleventh,
the eleventh
the sixteenth
the sixteenth
the nineteenth
the nineteenth
30
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamaz ight
Numerical. System
wis : ?srin (m)
tis : ?srin (f)
wis : ts?in (m)
tis s ts*in (f)
the twentieth
the twentieth
the ninetieth
the ninetieth
To this we might like to add:
ang s aru (m)
tang : arut: (f)
ing-ura (m.p.)
tingjura (f .p. )
anam:as (m)
tanam s ast (f)
inam : asn (ra.p. )
tinam : asin (f*p # )
Examples :
l^il amzwaru
as s amzwaru
tarbat: tamzwarut;
as : wis : ?sra
tad: art tis s rb?a
the last
the last
the last
the last
the middle
the middle
the middle
the middle
the first boy
the first day
the first girl
the tenth day
the fourth house
II. 3 Fractions
amnasf^
tjulut
half
V3
Digitized by
31
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Numerical System
r : ubu?
^ wis:rb?a
1/4
1/4
Ixumas
^ wis:xmsa
s :U dus
^ wis : st 5 a
wis : sb?a
t:umiin
"* wis:tmanya
wis:ts?a
lmsur
wis:?£ra
Examples :
ts?ud duimasf
Sid amnasfns
sid amnasf
*
siras wis : xmsa
1/5
V5
1/6
1/6
1/7
1/8
1/8
1/9
1/10
1/10
9:30 (time)
Qive (me) half of it
Give me the half.
I gave him 1/5.
Remarks :
(1) Fractions smaller than 1/10 (i.e. 1/11, 1/12,
etc.) are composed of :
wis : + cardinal numeral
e.g.: wis s xmsta«?s 1/15
32
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight Numerical System
(2) Fractions /t;lult/ and /t : uinun/ are mainly
used in connection with inheritance shares.
Notes on the Numerical System in Ayt Seghrouchen (A«S«)
1
In A.S. the only difference, in the system is:
idz (m) 3 ist (f) one
snat (m 5 f) two
tlata (m, f) three
2
wis: snat (m 3 f) the second
arnnasf ^ azin half
Other than these exceptions, everything else in A. A. concerning
the Numerical System itself holds for A.S.
33
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
III. Pronominal Systems
This section deals with the different pronominal systems
in Ayt Ayache in an exhaustive manner* It discusses Personal
Pronouns, Independent Possessive Pronouns and Suffixed Possessive
Pronouns used in association with objects and those used in
association with kinship terms, Pronominal Affixes for verbs
and prepositions, Demonstrative Pronouns, Relative Pronouns,
and Indefinite Pronouns. Since this is an area where there
is considerable difference between the two dialects, the
student will find ample examples at the end of this section
showing the differences between the two dialects under the
heading Notes on the Pronominal System in Ayt Seghrouchen.
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight Pronominal Systems
III. Pronominal Systems
III.l Personal Pronouns
„.„ .,., -r, ^ ,. „ /„,.,» lffor Comparative Notes on
111.1. 1 Independent Forms (Subject) ^ this Ch £ pter see pp. 77-85)
nk: - n k : in I
v
s & : you (m.s.)
§ms you (f.s.)
nt s a he
ntsat she
nk : ni we
kn s i you (m.p. )
kn : inti you (f.p.)
nitni they (m)
nitnti they (f)
111. 1.2 Emphatic Personal Pronouns ( Subject )
nk : n s it I myself
sg : n s it you (m.s.) yourself
sm : n ; it you (f.s.) yourself
nt s a n s it he himself
nt 5 at n s it she herself
nk;ni n:it we ourselves
kn s i n s it you (m.p.) yourselves
kn : inti n : it you (f.p.) yourselves
nitni n ; it they (m) themselves
nitnti n s it they (f) themselves
35
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tama zight
PrQnQminal Systems
111*2 Possessive Pronouns
III. 2.1 Independent Set
III. 2. 1.1 Masculine (object possessed, s. or p.) 2
winw mine
wins yours (m.s.)
win : m yours (f.s.)
wins his/hers
win:Y ours
win : un yours (m.p. )
win ; knt
winsn
winsnt
Examples :
winmi igra ?
win ?li (/wins/)
winmi iy : isin : g : mi Ibab ?
win ?m : i (/wins/)
win ?t : i (/wins/)
yours (f .p. )
theirs (m.)
theirs (f.)
Whose field is this?
It's Aly ! s. (It's his. )
Whose horse is in front of the
door?
My uncle's, (it's his.)
My aunt's. (It's hers.)
III. 2. 1.2 Feminine (object possessed, s. or p.)
tinw mine
tins yours (m.s.)
tinsm yours (f.s.)
tins his/her
36
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Taraazight
Pronominal Systems
tin-y
tin;un
tin : knt
tinsn
tinsnt
Examples :
tinmi tad:arta
tin *ii (/tins/)
mat: a tad:artin : m : sin
S:razm izgzami ?
tin cm:i (/tins/)
tin ?t : i (/tins/)
ours
yours (m.p.)
yours (f .p. )
theirs (m)
theirs (f)
Whose house is this?
It's Aly's.(lt's his. )
Whose house is that over there
with the two green windows?
My uncle's. (it's his.)
My aunt's. (it's hers.)
III. 2. 2
Possessive Pronominal Suffixes
III. 2. 2.1 Suffixed to nouns ending in consonant
axam (m.s.) tent
my tent
your (m.s.) tent
your (f .s. ) tent
his tent
her tent
our tent
your (m.p. ) tent
your (f .p. ) tent
their (m) tent
their (f) tent
axam
mw
axam
ns
axam
n 2 m
axam
ns
axam
ns
axam
n-y
axam
nmn
axam
n : knt
axam
nsn
axam
nsnt
37
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Taraazight
Pronominal Systems
ixamn
(m.p.)
tents
ixamn
inw
my tents
ixami
ns
your (m.s.
)
tents
ixamn
n s m
your (f.s.
)
tents
ixamn
ns
his tents
ixamn
ns
her tents
ixamn
n:Y
our tents
ixann
n : un
your (m.p.
)
tents
ixamn
n;knt
•
your (f.p.
)
tents
ixamn
nsn
their (m)
tents
ixamn
nsnt
their (f)
tents
tafunast
(f.s.)
cow
tafunast
inw
my cow
tafunast
ns
your (m.s.
)
cow
tafunast
n : m
your (f.s.
)
cow
tafunast
ns
his cow
tafunast
ns
her cow
tafunast
n : y
our cow
tafunast
n : un
your (m.p.
)
cow
tafunast
n s knt
•
your (f.p,
)
cow
tafunast
nsn
their (m)
cow
tafunast
nsnt
their (f)
cow
tifunasin
(f.p.
) cows
tifunasinf inw
my cows
tifum
isir
il ns
vour (m.s.
.)
cows
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
38
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Pronominal Systems
tifunasin
n : m
tifunasin
ns
tifunasin
ns
tifunasin
n : y
tifunasin
n : un
tifunasin
n : knt
tifunasin
nsn
tifunasin
nsnt
your (f .s. ) cows
his cows
her cows
our cows
your (m.p.) cows
your (f .p. ) cows
their (m) cows
their (f) cows
III. 2. 2. 2 Suffixed to nouns ending in vowel
isl : i (m.s.) stone
isl:i
nw
isl: i
ns
isl: i
n : n
isl-i
ns
isl : i
ns
isl : i
n s y
isl : i
n : un
isl:i
n:knt
isl s i
nsn
isl : i
nsnt
my stone
your (m.s.) stone
your (f.s.) stone
his stone
her stone
our stone
your (m.p. ) stone
your (f.p.) stone
their (m) stone
their (f) stone
39
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Pronominal Systems
amksa
nw
amksa
ns
amksa
n : m
amksa
ns
amksa
ns
amksa
n ; y
amksa
n;un
amksa
n ; knt
amksa
nsn
amksa
nsnt
amksa (m.s.) shepherd
my shepherd
your (m.s.) shepherd
your ( f . s . ) shepherd
his shepherd
her shepherd
our shepherd
your (m.p.) shepherd
your (f.p.) shepherd
their (m) shepherd
their (f) shepherd
III. 2.2. 3 Possessive Pronominal Suffixes Used with Kinship Terms
(a) ?m : i my uncle "fa br"
?m s is your (m.s.) uncle
?m:in;m your (f.s.) uncle
?m:is his/her uncle
?m:in:Y our uncle
?m:in;un your (m.p.) uncle
?m : inknt your (f.p.) uncle
?n s insn their (m) uncle
?m:insnt their (f) uncle
The following kinship terms follow the above paradigm:
*m : i tfa br', *t : i 'fa si», xali 'mo br', xalti 'mo si',
mm s i 'son', il:i 'daughter'.
40
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Pronominal Systems
(b) b : a
b : as
b : am
b : as
b : an 8 Y
b:an;un
b : an : knt
b s ansn
b:ansnt
my father
your ( m . s . ) father
your (f.s.) father
his/her father
our father
your (m.p.) father
your (f.p.) father
their (m) father
their (f) father
(c) m;a
mays
maym
mays
m: atny
m 5 atun
m: anient
maysn
maysnt
my mother
your (m.s.) mother
your (f.s.) mother
his/her mother
our mother
your (m.p.) mother
your (f.p.) mother
their (m) mother
their (f) mother
41
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight Pronominal Systems
(d) nan : a my fa mo
nan:ans your (m.s.) fa mo
nan : an:m your (f.s.) fa mo
nan : an s his/her fa mo
nan : an S Y our fa mo
nan:an : un your (m.p.) fa mo
nan : anknt your (f.p.) fa mo
nan s ansn their (m) fa mo
nan : ansnt their (f ) fa mo
The following kinship terms follow the above paradigm:
yma 'brother 1 , uttraa f sister 1
(in 2nd person m.s. we get: ymas and uttraas)
(e) b s ahl : u my fa fa
b : aJil:uns your (m.s.) fa fa
b:aljl:un:m your (f.s.) fa fa
b : ahl : uns his/her fa fa
b s ahl:un : Y our fa fa
b : ahl:un : un your (m.p.) fa fa
b s aJil:unknt your (f.p.) fa fa
b:ahl s unsn their (m) fa fa
b : ahl ; usnt their (f) fa fa
m:ahl : u 'grandmother 1 (same as above paradigm)
42
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Pronominal Systems
(f) argazinw
argazin : m
argazns
(g) tamd:ut:inw
tamd : ut : ns
tamd:ut:ns
(h) lwasun inw
lwasunn s
lwasunn 5 m
lwasunn s
lwasunn • y
lwasun un
lwasun : knt
lwasun sn
lwasun sn t
argaz
man
tamd:ut; woman
my husband
your husband
her husband
my wife
your wife
his wife
my children
your (m.s.) children
your ( f . s . ) chi ldr en
his/her children
our children
your (m.p.) children
your (f.p.) children
their (m) children
their (f) children
/adg:a]/ » in-law » follows the above paradigm.
/tadg:alt/
9
Notice that if the kinship term ends in a vowel, then we
do not add any suffix for 1st person singular (v mj i, xali,
b : a, m : a, b : ahl : u ...). If the term ends in a consonant
(argaz, tamd : ut : ...), then we add the suffix /-inw/ for
1st person singular.
43
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight Pronominal Systems
III. 3 Pronominal Affixes for Verbs and Prepositions
The Object Pronominal Affixes as well as the Orientational
Affixes /d/ of proximity and /n:/ of remoteness are here
referred to as movable affixes. A movable affix is one that
may be either pre-verbal (i.e. prefixed to the conjugated stem)
or post-verbal (i.e. suffixed to the conjugated stem).
The position of the movable affix depends on the presence
or absence of:
(a) Temporal and/or Modal prefixes, i.e. prefixes deriving
the different tenses and their modes: e.g., /ad-/ for future
tense, /is-/ for interrogative mode and /ur-/ for negative mode
(b) One of the following prepositions and conjunctions /xf/
'on', /qbl/ 'before', / Y r/ 'to 1 , /g/ 'until', /al:iy/ 'until',
/yas an: a/ 'when, as soon as', /l:iy/ 'when'
(c) Question words: e.g., /ma/ 'what', etc.
(d) Relative pronouns /ay/, /n:a/ 'who, which, that'
Examples (/-/ denotes morpheme boundaries)
(a) Temporal/Modal and Object Pronominal Affixes
i-sal-ay He asked us.
ad-ar-i-sal He will ask us.
da-aY-i-t:sal He asks us.
is-ur-aY-i-sal Didn't he ask us?
(b) Conjunctions and Orientational Affixes
yas an : a d-iwd-n iyr-d As soon as they arrived (+ Prox.)
husa ifadma Husa called (+ Prox.) Fadma.
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Pronominal Systems
(c) Question words and Pronominal Affixes
xna-as tn:a fa&ma ihusa ?
What did Fadma tell Husa?
(d) Relative Pronoun and Orientational Affix
argaz n s a d.id-.an yma ag s a The man who came is my brother,
mani luq:t oy d it:?ayad maha ? When will Muha toe hack?
The above Information may be diagrammed thus:
- [Temporal/Modal Aff. or Prep., Con June, Relative, Quest, word] +
Post -Verbal
Pre -Verbal
The order in which these movable affixes occur in relation
to one another is as follows:
Ind. Obj. + D. Obj. + Orient. Affix
Example:
/t-sa*f-t-d. (/>tsa?ftid/)
/i-Yrf-as-t-d/ (/>iYTfastid/)
/ad-as-t-d-i-rrf/ (/>adastidiY^^)
She was patient with him (-fProx.).
He threw it (m) at him (-hProx.).
He will throw it (m) at him(+Prox)
45
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Pronominal Systems
Notice : The anaptyctic vowel /-i-/ occurs with /t-d/ — >/tid/
in the environment of D. Ob j . + Proximity Affix for persons other
than first.
Compare the above with :
/t-sacf-ay-d/ ►/tsacfayd/ she was patient with us (+Prox.)
III. 3.1
Affirmative
III. 3. 1.1
With Intransitive Verbs
/siwl/ (intr.)
Past:
/ isiwl /
isiwl
i
isiwl
as
isiwl
am
isiwl
as
isiwl
ay
isiwl
awn
isiwl
a^nt
isiwl
asn
isiwl
asnt
Indirect Objects
to speak (/siwl i/ ! speak to 1 )
he spoke
He spoke to me*
He spoke to you (m.s.).
He spoke to you (f.s.).
He spoke to him/her •
He spoke to us .
He spoke to you (m.p.).
He spoke to you (f.p.).
He spoke to them (m).
He spoke to them (f).
Future: /adisiwl/
ad
i
ysiwl
ad
as
isiwl
ad
am
isiwl
ad
as
isiwl
he will speak
He will speak to me.
He will speak to you (m.s.).
He will speak to you (f.s.).
He will speak to him/her.
46
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Pronominal Systems
ad
ay
ad
awn
ad
aknt
ad
asn
ad
asnt
isiwl
isiwl
isiwl
isiwl
isiwl
He will speak to us.
He will speak to you (m.p.).
He will speak to you (f.p.).
He will speak to them (m).
He will speak to them (f).
Present: /daysawal/
day
i sawal
das
i sawal
dam
i sawal
das
i sawal
day
i sawal
dawn
i sawal
daknt
i sawal
dasn
i sawal
dasnt
i sawal
Notice:
he speaks
He speaks to me
He speaks to you (m.s.).
He speaks to you (f.s.).
He speaks to him/her.
He speaks to us.
He speaks to you (m.p,).
He speaks to you (f.p.).
He speaks to them (m).
He speaks to them (f).
/-a + i-/->/-ay-/
/-a + a-/— »/-a-/
/daas/ * /das/
/sl:m/ i to greet »
/sl:ia/ always occurs with a preposition : e.g.,
sl : m xf unbyi f greet the guest 1 .
The preposition /xf/ »on» occurs before nouns;
it has the allomorph /yif-/ before pronouns.
47
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Pronominal Systems
Past: /isl s m/ he greeted
He greeted me.
He greeted you (m.s.).
He greeted you (f.s.)«
He greeted him.
He greeted her.
He greeted us .
He greeted you (m.p.)
He greeted you (f .p. )
He greeted them (m).
He greeted them (f).
Notice: /-as, -am, -as .../ have the allomorphs / -s,
-m, -s .../ after prepositions.
isl s m /
/
isl;m
Yif
i
isl : m
Yif
V
s
isljm
Yif
m
isl;m
Yif
s
isl;m
Yif
s
isl:m
Yif
nY
isl:m
Yif
un
isl;m
Yif
knt
•
isl:m
Yif
sn
isl:m
Yif
snt
Future : /adi
Lsl:m/
he
will
greet.
ad
Yif'
i |
ysljm
He
will
greet
me.
ad
Yif
s
isl:m
He
will
greet
you (m.s. )
ad
Yif
m
isl:m
He
will
greet
you (f . s. )
ad
Yif
s
isl : m
He
will
greet
hirru
ad
Yif
s
iel-m
He
will
greet
her.
ad
Yif
nY
isl:m
He
will
greet
us.
ad
Yif
un
isl:Xtt
He
will
greet
you (m.p. )
ad
Yif
knt
•
isl:m
He
will
greet
you (f .p. )
ad
Yif
sn
isl:m
He
will
greet
them (m).
ad
Yif
snt
|isl : m
He
will
greet
them (f).
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
48
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Pronominal Systems
Present : /dayt : sl : am/
Past:
da
yif
i
t : si; am
da
Yif
s
t: si: am
da
Yif
m
t; Si; am
da
Yif
s
t :sl*am
da
Yif
s
t : sl : am
da
Yif
hy
t: sl : am
da
Yif
un
t: sl : am
da
Yif
knt
•
t: si- am
da
Yif
sn
t: si: am
da
Yif
snt
t : si: am
III. 3. 1.2
With Transit
ive Verbs
he greets
He greets me.
He greets you (m.s.)«
He greets you (f.s.),
He greets him.
He greets her.
He greets us.
He greets you (m.p.).
He greets you (f.p.)
He greets them (m).
He greets them (f).
/sal/ (trans. ) to ask
isal
isal
i
isal
s
isal
sm
isal
t
isal
t:
isal
a Y
isal
kn
isal
knt
•
isal
tn
isal
tat
he asked
He asked me.
He asked you (m.s.)
He asked you (f.s.)
He asked him.
He asked her.
He asked us.
He asked you (m.p.)
He asked you (f.p.)
He asked them (m).
He asked them (f).
49
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Referen
ce Grammar
Tamazight
Pronominal Systems
Future :
/ adisa]/
he will
ask
adi
ysal
He will
ask me.
ak :
isal
He will
ask you (m.s. ).
ak : m
isal
He will
ask you (f . s. ) •
atJ
leal
He will
ask him.
at:
isal
He will
ask her.
aday
isal
He will
ask us.
ak ; n
isal
He will
ask you (m.p. ) .
ak : nt
isal
He will
ask you (f .p. ) .
at:n
isal
He will
ask them (m).
at s nt
isal
He will
ask them (f).
Notice:
/-d + s-/
/-d + t-/
/-d + t:-/
— * A:/
—►A./
— ►A./
/-d +
w —
— ►/&./
Present: /day t ; sal/
day
'it: sal
das
it: sal
dasm
it: sal
dat
it: sal
dat;
it: sal
day
it: sal
dakn
it: sal
he asks
He asks me.
He asks you (m.s. ).
He asks you (f .s. ).
He asks him.
He asks her.
He asks us.
He asks you (m.p. ) .
50
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Pronominal Systems
daknt
datn
datnt
it: sal
it; sal
it: sal
He asks you (f .p. )
He asks them (m).
He asks them (f).
/ny/
/inya/
Notice:
lnya
y
1
inya
s
inya
sm
inya
t
inya
t:
inya y
ay
inya
kn
•
inya
knt
inya
tn
inya
tnt
/-a + i-/ >
/adiny/
adi
yny
ak :
iny
ak : m
iny
at:
iny
at :
iny
aday
iny
ak : n
*
i
.ny
>/ay/
to kill
he killed
He killed me.
He killed you (m.s.).
He killed you (f.s. ).
He killed him.
He killed her.
He killed us.
He killed you (m.p.).
He killed you (f.p.).
He killed them (m).
He killed them (f).
6
he will kill
He will kill me.
He will kill you (m.s.).
He will kill you (f.s.).
He will kill him.
He will kill her.
He will kill us.
He will kill you (m.p.).
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
51
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Taraazight
Pronominal Systems
ak : nt
iny
at : n
iny
at-nt
iny
Present: /daynq : a/
day-
inq.: a
das
inq : a
dasm
inq.: a
dat
inq s a
dat;
inq.: a
day
inq : a
dakn
inq : a
daknt
inq ; a
datn
inq : a
datnt
inq s a
He will kill you (f.p.)
He will kill them (m).
He will kill them (f).
he kills
He kills me.
He kills you (irus. )•
He kills you (f .s. ).
He kills him.
He kills her.
He kills us.
He kills you (m.p. ).
He kills you (f.p. ).
He kills them (m).
He kills them (m) .
III. 3.2 Negative
III. 3. 2.1 With Intransitive Verbs : Indirect Objects
Past
/siwl/
/urisiwl/
uri
uras
uram
uras
ysiwl
isiwl
isiwl
isiwl
to speak
he did not speak
He did not speak to me.
He did not speak to you (m.s.)
He did not speak to you (f.s.)
He did not speak to him/her.
52
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Pronominal Systems
uray
urawn
uraknt
urasn
urasnt
isiwl
isiwl
isiwl
isiwl
isiwl
He did not speak to us.
He did not speak to you (m.p.).
He did not speak to you (f.p.).
He did not speak to them (m).
He did not speak to them (f).
*
Put lore :
/ur
in
:i
adisiwl/
he
will
not
speak
ur
r in : i
adi
ysiwl
He
will
not
speak
to
me.
ur
in : i
adas
isiwl
He
will
not
speak
to
you (m.s.)«
ur
in : i
adam
isiwl
He
will
not
speak
to
you (f .s. ).
ur
in s i
adas
isiwl
He
will
not
speak
to
him/her .
ur
in ; i
aday
isiwl
He
will
not
speak
to
us.
ur
in : i
adawn
isiwl
He
will
not
speak
to
you (m.p. ).
ur
insi
adaknt
isiwl
He
will
not
speak
to
you (f.p. )•
ur
in : i
adasn
isiwl
He
will
not
speak
to
them (m).
ur
in : i
adasnt
isiwl
He
will
not
speak
to
them (f).
Present:
/urdaysawl/
he
does
not
speak
urday
i sawal
He
does
not
speak
to
me.
urdaS
i sawal
He
does
not
speak
to
you (m.s. ).
urdam
i sawal
He
does
not
speak
to
you ( f . s . ) .
*/in : i/comes from verb /ini/ »to say»j /urin s i/ 'he did not say'
+ /adisiwl/ 'he will speak'. This is the regular way of expressing
future construction in the negative. Thus we get /urn s iY ad:d:uy/
»I will not come'; /ur tn : l at«s/ 'she will not eat'; /ur n : in
adsiwl:/ 'they will not speak' s etc.
53
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Pronominal Systems
urdas
urday
urdawn
urdaknt
urdasn
urdasnt
isawal
isawal
i sawal
isawal
i sawal
i sawal
He does not speak to him/her*
He does not speak to us.
He does not speak to you (m.p.)
He does not speak to you (f*p.)
He does not speak to them (m).
He does not speak to them (f).
Past:
/sl : m/
/urisl:im/
ur
Yif
i
ur
yif"
s
ur
yif
m
ur
yif
s
ur
Yif
nY
ur
Yif
un
u r
Yif
knt
ur
Yif
sn
ur
Yif
snt
ysl:im
isl:im
isl:im
isl : im
isljim
isl;im
isl:im
isl ; im
isl:im
to greet
he did not
He did not
He did not
He did not
He did not
He did not
He did not
He did not
He did not
He did not
greet
greet me.
greet you (m.s. )«
greet you (f .s. ).
greet him/her.
greet us.
greet you (m.p. )
greet you (f .p. ),
greet them (m),
greet them (f).
Future: /ur in : i adisl-.m/
he will not greet
ur
ur
ur
ur
in-i
inji
in s i
in»i
ad Yif
ad Yif
ad Yif
ad Yif
ysl:m He will not greet me.
isl : m He will not greet you (m.s.).
isl : m He will not greet you (f.s.)
s Jisl;m He will not greet him/her.
54
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Pronominal Systems
ur
ur
ur
ur
ur
iri:l
in : i
in ; i
in :i
in s i
r ad yif
ad yif
ad yif
ad Yif
ad Yif
nY
un
knt
sn
snt
isl;m He will not greet us.
isl;m He will not greet you (m.p.).
isl s m He will not greet you (f.p.).
i si: m He will not greet them (m).
isl-.m He will not greet them (f ).
Present : /urdayt : sl : am/
ur
da Yif
i
ur
da Yif
s
ur
da Yif
m
ur
daYif
s
ur
da Yif
ny
ur
daYif
un
ur
daYif
knt
«
ur
daYif
sn
ur
daYif
snt
yt:sl : am
it:sl : am
it:sl : am
it:Sl : am
it: si: am
it: si: am
it: si: am
it :Sl : am
it: si: am
he does not greet
He does not greet me.
He does not greet you (m.s.).
He does not greet you (f.s.).
He does not greet him/her.
He does not greet us*
He does not greet you (m.p,).
He does not greet you (f.p.).
He does not greet them (m).
He does not greet them (f).
III. 3*2.2 With Transitive Verbs:
/sal/
Past:
/urisal/
ur
i
ysal
ur
s
isal
ur
sm
isal
ur
t
isal
ur
t:
isal
Direct Objects
to ask
he did not ask
He did not ask me.
He did not ask you (m.s.)
He did not ask you (f.s.)
He did not ask him.
He did not ask her.
55
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Pronominal Systems
ur
ay
ur
kn
•
ur
knt
•
ur
tn
ur
tnt
isal
isal
isal
isal
isal
He did not ask us.
He did not ask you (m.p.).
He did not ask you (f.p.).
He did not ask them (m).
He did not ask them (f).
Future: /ur in : i adisal/
ur
in s i
f adi
ur
in : i
ak :
ur
in : i
ak:m
ur
in-i
at:
ur
in : i
at:
ur
in s i
aday
ur
in : i
ak s n
ur
in : i
a^ : nt
ur
in : i
at:n
ur
in ; i
at:nt
ysal
isal
isal
isal
isal
isal
isal
isal
isal
isal
he will not
He will not
He will not
He will not
He will not
He will not
He will not
He will not
He will not
He will not
He will not
ask
ask me.
ask you (m.s. ).
ask you (f .s. ) .
ask him.
ask her.
ask us.
ask you (m.p. )
ask you (f .p. )
ask them (m).
ask them (f).
Present : /urdayt 2 sal/
ur:
day
it: sal
ur
das
it: sal
ur
dasm
it: sal
ur
dat
it: sal
ur
dats
it : sal
he does not ask
He does not ask me.
He does not ask you (m.s.)
He does not ask you (f.s.)
He does not ask him.
He does not ask her.
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
56
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Pronominal Systems
ur
'day
r it: sal
ur
dakn
it: sal
ur
daknt
•
it: sal
ur
datn
it: sal
ur
datnt
it : sal
He does not ask us.
He does not ask you (m.p.)
He does not ask you (f.p.)
He does not ask them (m).
He does not ask them (f).
/ny/
Past: /urinyi/
uri
' ynyi
urs
inyi
ursm
inyi
urt
inyi
urt:
inyi
uray
inyi
urkn
«
inyi
urknt
inyi
urtn
inyi
urtnt
inyi
/-i + W
to kill
he did not kill
He did not kill me.
He did not kill you (m.s.).
He did not kill you (f.s.).
He did not kill him.
He did not kill her.
He did not kill us.
He did not kill you (m.p.).
He did not kill you (f.p.).
He did not kill them (m).
He did not kill them (f).
4 /-iy-/
Future ; /ur in : i adiny/
ur
in : i
adi
ur
in : i
ak :
ur
in s i
ak : m
iny
iny
he will not kill
He will not kill me.
He will not kill you (m.s.).
He will not kill you (f.s.).
57
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazigtit
Pronominal Systems
ur
in : i
at
ur
in : i
at:
ur
in : i
aday
ur
in s i
a£ : n
ur
inji
ak:nt
• •
ur
in : i
at:n
ur
in : i
at:nt
my
iny
iny
iny
iny
iny
iny
He will not kill him.
He will not kill her.
He will not kill us.
He will not kill you (m p.).
He will not kill you (f.p.).
He will not kill them (m).
He will not kill them (f).
Present: /urdaynq : a/
ur
r day
ur
das
ur
dasm
ur
dat
ur
dat:
ur
day
ur
dakn
ur
daknt
ur
datn
ur
datnt
inq. : a
inq:a
inq s a
inq : a
inq : a
inq : a
inq : a
inq : a
inq : a
he does not kill
He does not kill me.
He does not kill you (m.s.).
He does not kill you (f.s.).
He does not kill him.
He does not kill her.
He does not kill us.
He does not kill you (m.p.).
He does not kill you (f.p.).
He does not kill them (m).
He does not kill them (f).
III. 3.3 Interrogative
III. 3. 3-1 With Intransitive Verbs : Indirect Objects
/siwl/ to speak
58
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Pronominal Systems
Past: /is isiwl/
is
is
is
is
is
is
is
is
i f ysiwl
as
am
as
ay
awn
aknt
«
asn
is asnt
isiwl
isiwl
isiwl
isiwl
isiwl
i siwl
isiwl
isiwl
did he speak?
Did he speak to me?
Did he speak to you (m.s.)?
Did he speak to you (f.s.)?
Did he speak to him/her?
Did he speak to us?
Did he speak to you (m.p.)?
Did he speak to you (f .p. )?
Did he speak to them (m)?
Did he speak to them (f )?
Future:
/id
id:
id:
id:
id:
id:
id:
id:
id:
id:
: adisiwl/
ad
i
ad
as
ad
am
ad
as
ad
ay
ad
awn
ad
aknt
ad
asn
ad
asnt
ysiwl
isiwl
isiwl
isiwl
isiwl
isiwl
isiwl
isiwl
isiwl
will he speak?
Will he speak to me?
Will he speak to you (m.s.)?
Will he speak to you (f.s.)?
Will he speak to him/her?
Will he speak to us?
Will he speak to you (m.p.)?
Will he speak to you (f.p.)?
Will he speak to them (m)?
Will he speak to them (f )?
59
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tama
zight Pronominal Systems
/sl : m/
to greet
Past: /is isl-.m/
did he greet?
is
Yif
i
ysl:m
Did he greet me?
is
Yif
s
isl:m
Did he greet you (m.s.)?
is
yif
m
isl:m
Did he greet you (f.s.)?
is
Yif
s
isl:m
Did he greet him/her?
is
Yif
ny
islsm
Did he greet us?
is
Yif
un
isl:m
Did he greet you (m.p.)?
is
Yif
knt
isl:m
Did he greet you (f.p.)?
is
Yif
sn
isl : m
Did he greet them (m)?
is
Yif
|snt
isl:m
Did he greet them (f )?
Future: /id: ad isl : m/
will he greet?
id:
ad
Yif
i
ysl : m
Will he greet me?
id:
ad
yif
s
isl;m
Will he greet you (m.s*)?
id:
ad
Yif
m
isl:m
Will he greet you (f.s.)?
id:
ad
Yif
s
isl:m
Will he greet him/her?
id:
ad
Yif
ny
isl:m
Will he greet us?
id:
ad
Yif
un
isl:m
Will he greet you (m.p.)?
id:
ad
Yif
knt
9
isl:m
Will he greet you (f.p.)?
id:
ad
Yif
sn
isl;m
Will he greet them (m)?
id:
ad
Yif
snt
isl-.m
Will he greet them (f )?
60
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Pronominal Systems
Present: /is aayt:sl : am/
yt : si; am
it; sl : am
it: sl : am
it: sl:am
it:sl ; am
it: si: am
it:sl : am
it: sl:am
it:Sl : am
III, 3.3.2 With Transitive Verbs:
/sal/
Past : /is isal/
is
da
•yif
i
is
da
yif
s
is
da
yif
m
is
da
yif
s
is
da
yif
ny
is
da
yif
un
is
da
yif
knt
•
is
da
yif
sn
is
da
yif
snt
is
i
ysal
is
ay
isal
is
tnt
isal
Future:
/id: adisal/
id:
'ak s
isal
id:
at:
isal
id:
ak : n
isal
id:
at;nt
isal
Present:
/is
day
t s s
al/
is
is
day
dasm
it; sal
it ; sal
does he greet?
Does he greet me?
Does he greet you (m.s.)?
Does he greet you (f.s.)?
Does he greet him/her?
Does he greet us?
Does he greet you (m.p.)?
Does he greet you (f .p. )?
Does he greet them (m)?
Does he greet them (f )?
Direct Objects
to ask
did he ask?
Did he ask me?
Did he ask us?
Did he ask them (f)?
will he ask?
Will he ask you (m.s,)?
Will he ask him?
Will he ask you (m.p.)?
Will he ask them (f )?
does he ask?
Does he ask me?
Does he ask you (f.s.)?
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
61
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Pronominal Systems
is
is
is
dat:
dakn
data
it: sal
it: sal
it: sal
Does he ask her?
Does he ask you (m.p.)?
Does he ask them (m)?
Mr/
Past:
As
5 in'
ya/
is
i
ynya
is
t:
inya
is
ay
inya
is
tn
inya
Future:
/id: adiny/
id:
adi
yny
id:
ak : m
iny
id:
at:
iny
id:
aday
iny
id:
a"k:nt
iny
id:
at]
tnt
iny
to kill
did he kill?
Did he kill me?
Did he kill her?
Did he kill us?
Did he kill them (m)?
will he kill?
Will he kill me
Will he kill you (f.s.)?
Will he kill him?
Will he kill us?
Will he kill you (f.p.)?
Will he kill them (f)?
Present: /is daynq : a/
is
day
inq : a
is
dasm
inq : a
is
dat
inq : a
is
day
inq : a
is
daknt
•
inq ; a
is
datnt
inq s a
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
62
does he kill?
Does he kill me?
Does he kill you (f.s.)?
Does he kill him?
Does he kill us?
Does he kill you (f.p.)?
Does he kill them (f)?
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Pronominal Systems
III. 3 .4 Negative Interrogative
111.3,4.1 With Intransitive Verbs :
/siwl/
/isur isiwl/
isur
1 i
ysiwl
isur
as
isiwl
isur
am
isiwl
isur
as
isiwl
isur
ay
i siwl
isur
awn
iniwl
isur
aknt
i siwl
isur
asn
isiwl
isur
asnt
isiwl
Indirect Objects
to speak
didn't he speak?
Didn't he speak to me?
Didn't he speak to you (m.s.)?
Didn't he speak to you (f.s.)?
Didn't he speak to him/her?
Didn't he speak to us?
Didn't he speak to you (m.p.)?
Didn't he speak to you (f.p.)?
Didn't he speak to them (m)?
Didn't he speak to them (f)?
Future : /isur isawal/ won't he speak?
Notice that in this particular construction, the
future is formed from the conjugated Habitual Verb Stem.
isur
1
isur
as
isur
am
isur
as
isur
ay
isur
awn
isur
aknt
• 1
ysawal
i sawal
i sawal
i sawal
isawal
i sawal
i sawal
Won't he speak to me?
Won't he speak to you (m.s.)?
Won't he speak to you (f.s.)?
Won't he speak to him/her?
Won't he speak to us?
Won't he speak to you (m.p.)?
Won't he speak to you (f.p.)?
63
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Pronominal Systems
lsur
isur
asn
asnt
i sawal
isawal
Won ! t he speak to them (m)?
Won ? t he speak to them (f)?
Present ; /isur daysawal/
isur
day
i sawal
isur
das
i sawal
isur
dam
i sawal
isur
das
i sawal
isur
day
i sawal
isur
dawn
i sawal
isur
daknt
i sawal
isur
dasn
isawal
isur
dasnt
i sawal
doesn't he
Doesn't he
Doesn't he
Doesn 1 t he
Doesn't he
Doesn't he
Doesn't he
Doesn't he
Doesn' t he
Doesn' t he
speak?
speak to me?
speak to you (m.s.) ?
speak to you (f.s.)?
speak to him/her?
speak to us?
speak to you (m.p.)?
speak to you (f.p.)?
speak to them (m)?
speak to them (f)?
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
64
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Pronominal Systems
Past;
/sl:m/
/isur isl:im/
isur
isur
isur
is
isur
isur
isur
isur
isur
Yif
i
rif
s
Yif
m
Yif
s
Yif
ny
Yif
un
Yif
knt
Yif
sn
Yif
snt
to greet
didn't he greet?
ysl : im Didn ! t he greet me?
isl:im Didn't he greet you (m.s.)?
isl:im Didn't he greet you (f.s.)?
isl:im Didn't he greet him/her?
isl-.im Didn't he greet us?
isl;im Didn't he greet you (m.p.)?
isl : im Didn't he greet you (f.p.)?
isl;im Didn't he greet them (m)
isl:im Didn't he greet them (f)?
Future: /isur it : sl : am/
isur
isur
isur
isur
isur
isur
isur
isur
isur
Yif
i
Yif
V
s
Yif
in
Yif
s
Yif
ny
Yif
un
Yif
knt
•
Yif
sn
Yif
snt
im/
won' t
he
greet*
p
yt: si: am
Won't
he
greet
me?
it: si; am
Won't
he
greet
you (m.s, )?
it: si: am
Won't
he
greet
you (f .s. )?
it: si: am
Won't
he
greet
him/her?
it: si: am
Won't
he
greet
us?
it: si: am
Won't
he
greet
you (m.p. )?
it: si: am
Won't
he
greet
you (f.p. )?
it: si: am
Won't
he
greet
them (m)?
it: si: am
Won't
he
greet
them (f)?
65
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Pronominal Systems
Present : /isur dayt:sl : am/
doesn
isur
da
Yif
i
isur
da
Yif
s
isur
da
Yif
m
isur
da
Yif
s
isur
da
Yif
hy
isur
da
Yif
un
isur
da
Yif
knt
•
isur
da
Yif
sn
isur
da
Yif
snt
yt:sl:ara Doesn
it: si: am Doesn
it:sl s am Doesn
it: si: am Doesn
it:sl:am Doesn
it: si -.am Doesn
it: si: am Doesn
it:sl : am Doesn
it:sl:am Doesn
t he greet?
t he greet me?
t he greet you (m.s.)?
t he greet you (f.s.)?
t he greet him/her?
t he greet us?
t he greet you (m.p.)?
t he greet you (f.p.)?
t he greet them (m)?
t he greet them (f )?
III. 3. 4.2 With Transitive Verbs: Direct Objects
Past:
/sal/
/isur isal/
isur
1
isur
s
isur
sm
isur
t
isur
t:
isur
aY
isur
kn
isur
knt
isur
tn
isur
tnt
ysal
isal
isal
isal
isal
isal
isal
isal
isal
isal
to ask
didn
t
he
ask'
?
Didn
t
he
ask
me?
Didn
t
he
ask
you (m.s.)?
Didn
t
he
ask
you (f.s.)'?
Didn
t
he
ask
him?
Didn
t
he
ask
her?
Didn
't
he
ask
us?
Didn
t
he
ask
you (m.p. )?
Didn
't
he
ask
you (f.p.)?
Didn
»t
he
ask
them (m)?
Didn
t
he
ask
them (f)?
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
66
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Pronominal Systems
Future:
Past:
/isur it
: sal/
isur
i
yt : sal
isur
s
it: sal
isur
sm
it: sal
isur
t
it: sal
isur
t:
it: sal
isur
ay
it: sal
isur
kn
•
it: sal
isur
knt
•
it: sal
isur
tn
it: sal
isur
tnt
it: sal
/ny/
/isur in
ri/
isur
i
ynyi
isur
s
inyi
isur
sin
inyi
isur
t
inyi
isur
t:
inyi
isur
ay
inyi
isur
kn
inyi
isur
knt
•
inyi
isur
tn
inyi
isur
tnt
inyi
won 1 t he ask?
Won* t he ask me?
Won't he ask you (m.s.)?
Won ! t he ask you (f.s.)?
Won't he ask him?
Won 1 t he ask her?
Won't he ask us?
V/on't he ask you (m.p.)?
Won't he ask you (f.p.)?
Won't he ask them (m)?
Won't he ask them ( f )?
to kill
didn't he
Didn't he
Didn't he
Didn't he
Didn' t he
Didn't he
Didn't he
Didn't he
Didn't he
Didn't he
Didn't he
kill?
kill me?
kill you (m.s. )?
kill you (f.s. )?
kill him?
kill her?
kill us?
kill you (m.p. )?
kill you (f.p. )?
kill them (m)?
kill them (f)?
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
67
Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Pronominal Systems
Future: /isur inq : a/
isu.r
i
ynq : a
isur
s
inq. : a
isur
sm
inq. : a
isur
t
inq : a
isur
t:
inq : a
isur
ay
inq : a
isur
kn
•
inq : a
isur
knt
•
inq 2 a
isur
tn
inq : a
isur
tnt
inq s a
won f t he
Won r t he
Won 1 t he
Won t he
Won* t he
Won r t he
Won f t he
Won ! t he
Won ! t he
Won 1 t he
Won f t he
kill?
kill me?
kill you (m.s. )?
kill you (f.s. )?
kill him?
kill her?
kill us?
kill you (m.p. )?
kill you (f.p. )?
kill them (m)?
kill them (f)?
Present: /isur daynq : a/
isur
isur
isur
isur
isur
isur
isur
isur
isur
isur
day
das
dasm
dat
dat:
day
dakn
daknt
*
datn
da tnt
inq : a
inq : a
inq : a
inq : a
inq : a
inq : a
inq : a
inq : a
inq s a
inq : a
doesn
Doesn
Doesn
Doesn
Doesn
Doesn
Doesn
Doesn
Doesn
Doesn
Doesn
t he kill?
t he kill me?
t he kill you (m.s.)?
t he kill you (f.s. )?
t he kill him?
t he kill her?
t he kill us?
t he kill you (m.p.)?
t he kill you (f.p. )?
t he kill them (m)?
t he kill them (f )?
68
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Pronominal Systems
III. 4 Demonstrative Pronouns (Independent Set)
III. 4.1 Singular
m.
f.
Proximate
Remote
wa
wan:
ta
tan:
III. 4.2 Plural
m.
f.
Proximate
Remote
wi
win:
ti
tin:
III. 4. 3 Demonstrative Pronominal Suffixes
III. 4. 3.1 /-a#/ / -in:#/
this that
(m,f, s,p) (m,f,s,p)
8
Suffixed to nouns ending in 4
i.e. /-a# + -«#/ -
/-u# + - u #/ -
/-a# + -in:#/-
/-u# + -in:#A
f-ya# this
-W-yu#
/ -yin:# that
-» /-aya#/
-* /-uyu#/
-» /-ayin:#/
-» /-uyin :#/
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
69
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Pronominal Systems
Examples:
tad:arta
s : baha
tad: art in :
tad:rwinin:
tabardaya (< tabrda )
tabardayin :
agsuya (<ag : u)
this house
this morning
that house
those houses
this pack-saddle
that pack-saddle
this smoke
III. 4. 3.2
/-d:Y/
tadsartd:Y
s : bahd:Y
tad:rwind:Y
tabardad:Y
this
this house
this morning
these houses
this pack-saddle
III. 4. 3. 3 /-n 8 a/ that
For things which you do not see*
tad:artn : a that house
tad:rwinn s a those houses
tabardan : a that pack-saddle
argazn ; a that man
irgznn s a those men
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
70
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Pronominal Systems
111*4.4 The Demonstrative ha, han
(Must be followed by Noun or Pronoun)
^ a here, there
ha iruha id: ad Here comes Muha.
ha fadma td-.ad Here comes Fadma.
ha lwasun d : and Here come the kids.
han
han muha id: ad
han lwasun d ; and
here, there
Here comes Muha.
Here come the kids.
111.4,4,1 ha + Personal Pronouns
hank:
Here
I am.
ha% :
Here
you are
(m.s. )
Hasm:
Here
you are
(f.s.)
hant :a
Here
he is.
hant :at
Here
she is.
hank«ni
*
Here
we are.
hankn : i
•
Here
you are
(m.p. )
hankn : inti
Here
you are
(f.P.)
Vianitni
Here
they are (m) .
hanitnti
Here
they are (f ) .
Examples :
hant-.a uriri adid:U
hank : ni urnri and-.u
(here) He doesn't want to go,
(here) We don't want to go.
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
71
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazlght
Pronominal Systems
III, 4. 4. 2 VL a t here, there
In III..4.4 above, /ha/ or /han/ 'here, there 1
must be followed by a Noun or a Pronoun. In this section we
will see that /hat/ 'here, there 1 must be followed by a verb,
hat id: ad There he comes,
hat td:ad There she comes.
hat d:and There they come (m).
hat d:and There they come (f).
In the case of third person singular and plural, we can get
pronominal suffixes following ha:
There he is.
hat:
hatn
hatnt
hat id: ad
hatnt d:and
III. 5 Relative Pronouns
III. 5.1 Subject
(a) n : a
There she is.
There they are (m).
There they are (f).
Here he comes.
Here they (f) come.
who (invariable)
which
a gaz n : a did:aa yma ag : a # The man who came is my brother.
(b) ay who
nitni ag : d:an yr s : uq 2 it is them who went to the market,
ay + id: an
-> ag : d:an
72
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar*
Tama?ight
Pronominal Systems
N.B.: /id:an/ is past participle of /d:u/, which is used only
with the Subject Relative Pronouns. It has the invariable form
/id: an/ with m,f, s, or p. Final /-y#/ of /ay/ plus initial
/i-/ of the past participle always V/g :/ The Past Participle
is formed by suffixing /-n#/to verb inflected for P 3 N g G m in the
past tense. The Present Participle is formed by suffixing /-n#/
to verb VH form inflected for PJ O ffl . (See Grammar of the Verb. )
(c) a
nk: a s in : an d:u
who
It was me who told him to go,
(d) un ; a
uiua uririn adid:u ,
iq:im
un : a yran adid-.u id-.u
(e) tn : a
tn:a uririn at : d:u ,
tq : im
( f ) win : a
he who
He who does not want to go,
let him stay.
He who wants to go, let him go.
she who
She who does not want to go,
let her stay.
those (m.) who
win-. a uririn add:un, q:imn Those who do not want to go,
let them stay.
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
73
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Pronomina l sygt.prrm
(g) tin : a
tin : a uririn add:unt >
q : imnt
(h) l:i
argaz l:i did: an yma ag-.a
III. 5. 2 object ^
(a) n-.a
tamd:ut : n : a tan : ayd ,
ut-.rna ay tga
Cb) l:i
tamd:ut: l:i tan : ayd ,
ut:ma ay tga
(c) ay
irdn ay nz-.nza
those ( f ) who
Those who do not want to gfc>,
let them stay.
who, which
The man who came is my brother,
whom, which
The woman whom you saw is
my sister*
whom, which
The woman whom you saw is
my sister.
whom, which
It is the wheat which we sold.
III. 6
11
Indefinite Pronouns
'this other one 1 , ' that other one', ! these other ones 1
'those other ones 1
III. 6.1 Proximate Indefinite Pronouns
12
sg.
Pi.
m.
f.
wayadn
*>*
wayadnin
tayadn
tayadnin
widyadn
widy&dnin
tidyadn
tidyadnin
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
74
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Temazight
Pronominal Systems
id: argaza ag : d:an
yr s : uq : ?
la wayadn
id: md:na ag : d:an yr
s 5 uq s ?
la widyadnin
id: tam£ : ut ; a ag : d:an
yr s : uq s ?
la tayadn
id: tiwtmina ag : d:an
yr s:iiq- ?
la tidyadnin
Is it this man who went to the
market?
No, it is this other one,
Is it these people who went
to the market?
No, it is those others.
Is it this woman who went to
the market?
No, it is this other one.
Is it these women who went
to the market?
No, it is those others.
III. 6. 2 Remote Indefinite Pronouns
w.
m.
f.
wan : vadn
wan : yadn in
tan : yadn
tan : yadn in
win : yadn
win : yadn in
tin ; yadn
tin : yadnin
pl.
yadn ~ yadn in = other or others
-id: c ; rwala ay trid ? Do you want this pair of trousers?
= la wan: yadn No, (I want) that other one.
- id: s:rawla ay trid ? Do you want these trousers'?
= la win : yadn No, (I want) those other ones.
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
75
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Pronominal Systems
- id: lq:amiza ay trid ? Do you want this shirt?
= la tan : yadn No, I want that other one.
- id: lq : mayza ay trid ? D° y° u war *t these shirts?
= la tin : yadnin No, I want those others.
III. 6. 3 Every, Each
k:ii
k : usa
k s uyun
k : uyut
k:u argaz yurs iy:is
k : u tamd:ut: yurs
taq.:b : ut:
k:usa id:a ibrdan : s
k : uyan yars iy:is
k;U.yut y^rs taq s b : ut:
every
everyone
each one (m)
each one (f)
Every man has a horse.
Every woman has a djellaba.
Everyone went his way.
Each one (m) has a horse.
Each one (f) has a djellaba,
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
76
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Pronominal System
Notes on the pronominal System in Ayt Seghrouchen (A.S.)
In Ayt Seghrouchen this appears as:
nts ~ ntsint
sk : ~ akzint
sm: ~ simint
nt?a ~ nt ; an
nt:at
ntsni
ntsninti
sn:i
sn ; inti
nitni
nitnti
you (ms)
you (fs)
ha
she
we (m)
we (f)
you (mp)
you (fp)
they (m)
they (f)
The Ayt Seghrouchen paradigm is:
/winw, win ; s, wirum, win ; s,
win : x, win : un, win s snt,
win : sn, win:snt/ T mine f (m) , ! yours T (ms) etc,
The Ayt Seghrouchen paradigm is:
/tin?/, tin:S, tin : m 5
tin;s, tin:x, tin : um,
tin-.snt, tin : sn, tin : snt/ 'mine 1 (f), f yours ! (fs), etc.
77
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Pronominal System
The Ayt Seghrouchen paradigm is:
axam inw
axam n s s
axam n;m
axam n ; s
axam n : s
axam n:X
axam n s un
axam n;snt
axam n ; sn
axam nxsnt
ray tent
your (ms) tent
your (fs) tent
his tent
her tent
our tent
your (mp) tent
your (fp) tent
their (m) tent
their (f) tent
^ The kinship terms pronominal suffixes in Ayt Seghrouchen are for:
(a) ?m:i
my uncle "Frabr"
?m:i, ?m:is, ?m:im, ?m:is,
?m:itnx, ?m:itun, ?m : isnt,
?m:itsn, ?m ; itsnt
(b) ib s a
im:a
nan: a
dad: a
my father
my mother
my fa mo
my fa fa
ib : a 5 ib : as 5 ib : am, ib : as,
ib s atnx, ib : atun, ib s asnt,
ib : asn, ib : atsnt
78
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Pronominal System
(c) lawsun child
aryaz man
tamt : u t : woman
lwasun inw , lwasunn : s , lwasunn : m ,
lwasunn : s 9 lwasunn s x , lwasunn s un ,
lwa sunn : sn t , lwa sunn s sn , lwa sunn : sn t
The Ayt Seghrouchen paradigms are:
(a) for Indirect Objects (i.e. with intransitive verbs,
e.g., /sriwl/ f to speak 1 )
is:iwl
is :iwl
is :iwl
is :iwl
isriwl
is :iwl
is :iwl
is :iwl
is :iwl
i
aS
am
as
ax
awn
awnt
asn
asnt
a§nt
he spoke
he spoke
he spoke
he spoke
he spoke
he spoke
he spoke
he spoke
he spoke
to me
to you (ms )
to you (fs )
to him
to us
to you (mp )
to you (fo)
to them (m)
to them (f )
(b ) for Direct Objects (i.e. with transitive verbs, e.g.,
/sal/ f to ask* )
isal
isal
isal
isal
isal
isal
1
s
Sm
t
t:
ax
he asked me
he asked you (ms )
he asked you (fs )
he asked him
he asked her
he asked us
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
73
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Gi
•ammar
Tama
zight
Pronominal System
isal
§un
he asked you (mp)
isal
Sunt
he asked you (fp)
isal
tn
he asked them (m)
isal
tnt
he asked them (f )
Notice:
With the Habitual stem prefix /l:a-/ in Ayt Seghrouchen,
the pronominal affix can be either pre-verbal or post-verbal
e.g.
damisawal (A .A.)
dasmitrsal (A .A.)
he speaks to you (fs)
he asked you (fs)
Compare
l:ayamis:awal ~ l:ays:awalam (A.S.)
1 rasmit : sal ~ 1 :ayt : salgm (A • S • )
The Ayt Seghrouchen pronominal suffixed set associated with
a transitive verb in the future is:
adi
•ynr
as;
iny
as : m
iny
at:
iny
adt:
iny
adax
iny
a§;un
iny
at;n
iny
at : nt
iny
he will
he will
he will
he will
he will
he will
he will
he will
he will
kill me
kill you (ms)
kill you (fs)
kill him
kill her
kill us
kill you (mp)
kill them (m)
kill them (f)
80
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight Pronominal System
q
The Ayt Seghrouchen Demonstrative Pronouns are:
1. Singular
wu , win :
tu, tin:
2. Plural
inu, in in:
tinu, tinin:
9
10
Demonstrative Suffixes in Ayt Seghrouchen:
/-u#/ , Ain:#/
Relative Pronouns, Subject in Ayt Seghrouchen:
( a ) din who, which
aryaz din d:irahn una ag:zu
The man who came is my brother
(b ) ay who
muhnd ag:usin z:it
It's Muha who took (carried) the oil.
(c) a who
nts ayas ( - as) in:an adirah
It f s me who told him to go.
(d) udin he who
udin uribyin adirah iq:im
He who does not want to go, let him stay.
81
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Pronominal System
(e) td:in tdrin
she who
(f)
td:in uribyin ad: rah tq:im
• #
She who does not want to ge, let her stay.
idln
those (m) who
idin uribyin adrahn qrimn
Those (m) who do not want to go, let them stay.
(g)
tidin those (f ) who
tidin uribyin adrahnt q:imnt
Those (f ) who do not want to go, let them stay.
(h)
din
who, which
aryaz din drirahn, uma agrzu
The man who came is my brother.
11
Object
(a ) & (b ) din whom, which
tamtrut: din tzrit ultma ay tzu
• • ...
The woman whom you saw is my sister.
(c)
same
12
(a) Proximate Indefinite Pronouns
m f
s
t>l
wuydnin
wudnin
tuydnin
tudnin
•
inuyflnin
inudnin
tinuydnin
t inudnin
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
82
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight Pronominal System
Examples:
isd aryazu agrrahn yr s:uq x ?
— • •
= la wudnin
«
Is it this man who went to the market?
- No, it is this other one.
isd mid:nu agrrahn yr s:uq: ?
« ihi, inudnin
Is it these people who went to the market?
No, it is those others.
isd tamt:ut:u agrrahn rr s:uq: ?
= ihi, tndnin.
Is it this woman who went to the market?
- No, it is this other one.
isd ti?y:alinu agrrahn yr s:uq: ?
= ihi> tinuydnin .
Is it these women who went to the market?
- No, it is those others.
Digitized by 3
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
udin<Jnin
tdrindnin
idindnin
•
tidindnin
Reference Grammar Tamazight Pronominal System
(b) Remote Indefinite Pronouns
m f
s
Pi
N.B. rdnin = other, others; idnin = others
Examples:
isd srrawlu ay tbfit ?
la, udindnin
- Do you want this pair of trousers?
- No, (I want) that other one.
isd srrawlu ay tbyit ?
la^ idindnin
—■■■■— •
- Do you want these trousers ?
- No, (I want) those other ones.
isd Iqramizayu ay tbyit ?
ihi, tdrindnin .
™"'" d " •
- Do you want this shirt ?
- No* I want that other one.
isd lqrmayzu ay tbYit ?
la, tidindnin .
- Do you want these shirts?
- No, I want those others.
84.
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Gramma r
Tamazight
Pronominal System
(c ) Every, each
kul:
kul : sa , kul
kul :idz
kulrist
every
everyone
each one (m)
each one (f )
- kul: aryaz y^ y^ s •
Every man has a horse.
- kul: tarat:ut Yrs taqb:ut:
Every woman has a djellaba ,
- kul:sa irah ibrdarm:s .
Everyone went his way.
- kul:idz y**s yis ,
Each one (m) has a horse.
- kul:ist rrs taq:b:ut:
Each one (f ) has a djellaba,
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
85
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
IV, Grammar of the Noun
This section on the grammar of the noun is concerned
mainly with Ayt Ayache. In general^ the basic concepts of
the system apply to Ayt Seghrouchen as well. Derivations
(Noun stems from verb stems, those of number and gender 5
AugmentativeSj Diminutives, etc.) are similar in both
dialects. Construct State of the Noun is also more or
less alike in both dialects. In other words, the differences
between the two dialects as far as the grammar of the noun
is concerned are phonological and lexical rather than
morphological. Notes showing such differences appear at
the end of this section.
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight The Noun
IV. The Noun
IV. 1 Introduction
Morphemes in Tamazight may be divided into three major
classes: particles, stems and affixes, or if considered in terms of
more general terminology , into two classes, namely Major and
Minor classes of morphemes. The major classes are stems;
the minor classes are particles and affixes • This classification
into stems, particles and affixes is based on the two morpho-
logical features shown in this figure:
- [ Dependent] +
Particles and Stems Affixes
Stems are either Verb Stems or Noun Stems. This distinc-
tion is based on the kind of affix with which they occur. For
a complete discussion of the Verb Stems see Grammar of the Verb.
Any stem in Tamazight is either Basic or Derived.
Affixes are either verb or noun affixes. Verb affixes
are either movable or fixed affixes. (See Grammar of the Verb.)
All noun affixes are fixed affixes.
87
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight The Noun
IV. 2 Basic and Derived Noun Stems and Nouns
A Basic Noun Stem is one which has no relation to any
verb stem from which it could be derived. Examples of a
Derived Noun Stem are the stems of Nouns of Action (N-act),
Agent (N-agt), Instrument (N-instr), Place (N-loc), and
Occupation (N-occup). This means that the stems of such nouns
are derived from verbs that exist in the language and that the
different numbers and genders of the nouns are derived by the
noun affixes discussed in IV. 2-1 below.
IV. 2.1 Basic Noun Stems and Nouns
A Basic Noun occurs with the same affixes as a derived
noun. In most cases whether the noun is basic or derived,
its number and gender are distinguished thus: (a) a plural
noun has the suffix /-n/j (b) a singular noun does not have
this suffix, but has the prefix /#a-/ whereas the plural has
prefix /#!-/; (c) a feminine noun has the prefix and/or the
suffix /t-/ :
(/ta / - /ta t/~ /ta t:/ J for f ' s '
Ai / *- /ti_in/~ /t / «. / t / for f .p.
This information concerning gender and number for nouns,
both basic and derived, may be diagrammed thus:
1
88
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Noun
(a) for Number
- [ /-n#/] +
Singular
Plural
(b) for Gender
Masculine
+
Peminine
Many basic nouns in Tamazight are borrowed from Arabic.
Some of the Arabic loan nouns were borrowed with the Arabic
definite article /?al-/ 'the 1 (— >/!-/ in Moroccan-Arabic and
Tamazight), which loses its syntactic function in Tamazight and
comes to be an inseparable part of the noun since the opposition
Definite/Indefinite is NOT operable through the article :
e.g., Arabic loan basic nouns /Ik: as/ l a glass 1 or f the glass 1 ,
/lbab/ f a door 1 or f the door 1 , /s:alih/ ! a saint 1 or T the
* Rules concerning the assimilation of /l-/ of the Arabic
definite article to a following dental operate in Tamazight as
well. Also note that the formation of the plurals of such loan
nouns in most cases follows the Arabic pattern whether Classical
or Colloquial: e.g., /Ik: as/ has plural /lk: lsan/, /lbab/ has
plural /lbiban/ and /s:alih/ has, plural /s:alihin/.
89
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight The Noun
saint ! as well as native basic nouns: /argaz/ f a man 1 or
! the man 1 , /adad/ 'a finger 1 or ! the finger 1 , /agl:id/ f a
king 1 or * the king 1 .
Another set of basic nouns (also Arabic loans) has
undergone accomodation to the native pattern: e.g., Moroccan- Arabic
(M.A.) /xb:az/ 'baker 1 and its plural /xbraza/ are derived
from the M # A, verb /xbz/ ! to bake f , whereas Tamazight has
/a-xb:az/ f baker f , /i-xb:az-n/ 'bakers 1 but not the basic verb
stem /xbz/ from which the nouns referred to above are derived.
However, a look at Tamazight derived nouns explains the above
pattern of derivation. There is a native pattern that derives
the following nouns from the basic verb V: /zdm/ 'to collect
wood 1 , /azd:am/ 'one who collects wood (m.s.)', /izd:amn/ (m.p.);
/xdm/ 'to work', /axd:am/ 'worker (m.s.)', /ixd:amn/ (m.p.).
Notice that the same derivational pattern applies to /zdm/, a
native stem, as well as to the Arabic loan stem /xdm/. The
difference between /azdram/, /izd:amn/, /axd:am/, /ixd:amn/
on one hand and /axb:az/, /ixb:azn/ on the other hand is that
the first set shows derived nouns whereas members of the latter
do not. In almost all the cases the gender of the loan word
is preserved: e.g., Berber /tawriq:t:/'a piece of paper' (<classical
Arabic /waraqat-/ ?a piece of paper' f.s.) has the Berber
affix /ta t:/ denoting f.s. noun. Compare this to the derived
noun stem /tararit:/ 'vomiting/ (<r/rar/ 'to give back'). In
Arabic, as well as Berber, all nouns ending in /-t/ are
90
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight The Noun
feminine. Very few Arabic exceptions have been observed:
e.g. , /•> alxalifat-/ r Caliph f is a masculine noun in classical Arabic.
This Arabic loan appears in Berber as /lxlift/ 'administrative
job' which is, among the very few Berber exceptions, a masculine
noun. In Moroccan Arabic /lxlift/ is also masculine.
A third set of basic nouns (i.e. not derived from verb
stems) borrowed the singular noun only but formed their plurals
according to native patterns: e.g., Berber /lfqih/ f learned
man, a teacher 1 is borrowed from classical Arabic Aalfaqxh/ 'legist,
jurisprudent 1 which in turn is derived from the Arabic verb
/faqiha/ T to understand, comprehend 1 . The plural of the Arabic
noun /oalfaqih/ is /?alfuqaha*/ whereas the plural of the
Berber /lfqih/ is /idlfqih/. Here, /lfqih/ is a basic noun
(no Berber verb /fqh/) and /idlfqih/ is derived from the basic
noun, by the Berber plural prefix /id-/- Compare this to
/butarda/ f washer (m.s.) r /idbutarda/ 'washers (rn.p.) 1 derived
from the native verb stem /arid/ 'to be washed 1 .
Another set of basic nouns are the numerals 4 - o* which
are borrowed from Arabic. Together with the Arabic cardinal
numerals 1-3 there is a native set (for more information on
the numerals see Numerical System, pp. 22-29)
Another set of basic nouns shows borrowing from French:
e.g., Berber /lag:ar/ 'station 1 , /likrul/ 'school', /lbiru/
'office', /lk:riyu/ 'pencil', /t:rik:u/ 'sweater 1 , /t:umubil/
'motor-car', /z:rda/ 'garden' for French "la gare, l'ecole,
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Noun
le bureau, le crayon, le tricot, 1 ! automobile^ le jardin"
respectively. It is interesting to notice the assimilation of
/I-/ to a following dental in the last three examples.
IV. 2. 2 Derived Noun Stems and Nouns
As stated in IV. 1 above, a derived noun is one that is
related (by derivation) to a noun stem, which in turn is derived
from a verb stem in the language by one of the derivational
affixes shown in IV.2.1 above: e.g., (Noun stems are underlined.)
Verb N -m . s . N-m . p .
xdm to work a- xd:am i - xd : am -n
zdm to collect wood a-zd:am i-zd:am-n
N-f .s. N-f .p.
ta- xd:am -t ti- xd:am -in
1 worker T
ta- zd:am -t ti- zd:am -in
! wood collector 1
IV. 3 Definiteness, Gender and Number
IV. 3 • 1 Definite/Indefinite
The definite article does not exist in Berber. Thus the
word /argaz/ can mean either ! a man 1 or l the man f . Nouns
borrowed from Arabic appear in Berber with the definite article
if they happen to be borrowed with the Arabic definite article
/ al-/ (which is also. /I-/ in Berber). Assimilation rules
observed in Arabic for the /-l-/ of the definite article
before a dental are also applicable to Arabic loan words in
Berber if they happen to be borrowed with the definite article:
92
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight The Noun
e.g., /s:k:r/ "sugar 1 , /s:alih/ 'saint', /z:bib/ 'raisins',
/t:alab/ 'request', /d:unit/ 'the world', /d:ra/ 'corn'
(</lsk:r/, /lsalih/, /lzbib/, /ltalab/, /ldunit/ /ldra/). All the
above nouns, borrowed with the definite article from Arabic
can be translated as either definite or indefinite in Berber.
IV. 3. 2 Gender and Number
Nouns in Berber are either masculine or feminine in
gender and singular or plural in number. In most cases the
gender and number of a noun could be distinguished by its
affix.
IV. 3. 2.1 Noun Affixes
IV.3.2.1-a Masculine Singular Prefixes
f A-/
/am-/
/u-/
A-/
A-/
A:-/
Note: 1) /u-/ and /!-/ are not common prefixes for m.s. nouns
2 ) A"/ occurs mainly in Arabic borrowings
3) A : ~/ refers to a tense segment that results from
assimilation of /l-/ referred to above to a following
dental.
93
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tama tight
The Noun
Examples:
kasf
to foretell
akasf
foretelling
rdm
to demolish
ard-.am
demolisher
?awn
to help
am? awn
helper
f :Y
to go out
ufuy
going out
arid
to be washed
bu tarda
washer
bd:
to stand up
ibd;i
standing up
hbl
to become silly
Ihbal
silliness
trz
to embroider
t : rz
• »
embroidering
azgu
wind
ami
well
isl s i
stone
urti
garden
amhdar
pupil
lYul
ogre
s : nduq :
box
IV. 3.2.1-b Masculine Plural Affixes
A n/
/i m n /
A W
A / U
Note: /i-/ is prefixed to nouns that are referred to as "Broken
Plurals ff as opposed to /i n/ that is affixed to nouns
referred to as "Sound Plurals".
94
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Noun
Examples:
rgm to insult argam insulting irgamn insults
kasf to foretell amkasf foreteller irokasfn foretellers
dawa to cure adawa cure idawatn cures
d:uk:l make friends amd;ak:l friend imd:uk:al friends
adasu sandal idusa sandals
aglmam lake
abluh
igulmainn lakes
date( fruit) ibluhn dates
IV.3-2,l-c Feminine Singular Affixes
fA(a) t(:)/"\
/ti (t)/
/tu (t)/ /
<
/m t/ \
/It/ /
j
I A: t/
Note: (1) /l t/ occurs in Arabic loans
(2) /X: / of the affix /X: t/ represents an /l-/
that assimilates to a following dental: e.g.,
/1-d-/ > /d:-/ as in /d:*ut/ 'a case' (</l*ut/).
Examples :
kasf to foretell amkasf foreteller (m.s.) tanikasft (f.s.)
95
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Noun
lum
to
blame
z,al
to
pray
k:
to
pass
f»r
to
hide
Is
to
dress
xdm
to
work
dm
to
sue
talumt blame
tazal : it: praying
tik:it passing
tufra hiding
mlsiwt dressing
Ixdmt work
d:<mt case
IV.3.2.1-d Feminine Plural Affixes
Note:
(1) /ti / derives a "Broken" feminine plural noun
whereas /ti n / derives a "Sound" feminine plural
noun.
(2) /ta in/ is a rare femine plural affix.
tarh : alt nomad (f.s.) tirh : alin (f.pj
tamsafrt traveller (f # s. )timsafrin (f.p.)
tazrt pitchfork (f.s.)tizar (f.p.)
m:lhm:am public bath istm:lhm : am (f.p.)
attendant (f.s.)
Sxamplf
-» s •
rhl
•
to
move
safr
to
travel
zuz : r
to
winnow
hm:m
to
bathe
96
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Noun
tudayt
tus : nt
taxamt
tal:unt
taq. : ayt
Jew (f.s.)
jackal (f.s # )
tent (f.s.)
drum (f.s.)
head (f .s. )
tudayin (f.p.)
tus : an (f.p.)
tixamin (f # p # )
tal:unin (f.p.)
taq s ayin (f.p.)
IV. 4 Plural Nouns
Plural Nouns besides being masculine or feminine are
divided into
(a) External Plurals or Sound Plurals
(b) Internal or Broken Plurals
(c) Mixed Plurals
IV. 4.1 Masculine Plurals
IV. 4. 1.1 External Plurals (or Sound Plurals)
Sing: /#a
)les •
#/ —
* PI.
/#!
n#/
Singular
Plural
axd:am
ixd : amn
laborer
axam
ixamn
big tent
amaziy
imaziyn
Berber
ayanim
. 2
lyaniran
reed
aylyas
•
iylyasn
•
panther
aslix
islixn
animal skin
97
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Noun
asg;as
aks:id
aglmam
aYT;am
aful : us
afl : ali
ahz : am
abn : ay
axr : az
axb ; az
afray
abr:ah
aburks
alus
ayrtaf
ayraaz
amrwas
ayris
arw:aY
ahb : as
ahslaf
ahbib
ahd:ad
ahdz : am
isg : asn
iks s idn
iglmaran
iyr:amn
iful:usn
ifl : ahn
•
ihz : amn
ibn : ayn
ixr : azn
ixb : azn
ifrayn
ibr : aJhn
iburksn
ilusn
iYT:afn
iYmazii
imrwasn
ifrisn
iY^:ayn
ihb : asn
ihslafn
ihbibn
ihd:adn
ihd5 s amn
year
a piece of wood
lake
saint, Sharif (of the
Prophet ! s f ami ly )
rooster
farmer
barber
mason
shoe-maker
baker
fence
town crier
shoe
brother-in-law
pitcher
wink
debt
wool thread
rebel
prisoner
dry grass or bush
dear friend
blacksmith
tat oo
98
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Noun
ahl-.uf
•
ihl : ufn
Pig
ahm:am
ihm : amn
pigeon
aljLlaf
ihlafn
•
woman f s overdress
axd:a?
ixd:a<m
deceiver, traitor
abariq.:
ibariq : n
slap
abaw
ibawn
fava bean
abr : id
• •
ibr s idn
male goat
abr : ad
ibr : adn
tea-pot
abz • id
ibz-idn
• *
urine
abluh
ibluhn
unripe date
adb : ay
idb:avn
tanner, dyer
adlbib
idbibn
physician
aflid2
iflidzn
strip of tent
axm:uz
ixm;u2n
bad smell
axy : ad
ixy : adn
tailor
axlidz
ixlidzn
tree
axmim
ixmimn
lip
ayd:id
iyd:idn
leather bag for carrying
water
azm:u?
izm : u<m
gathering
aknn s ay
iknn ; ayn
rock
akzaz
• • •
ikzazn
gravel
aydziy
iydziyn
flower
ays : as
9
iys : asn
•
cheat
amah sad
imahsadn
jealous
99
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Noun
amdyaz
amchah
imdyazn
imd:ahn
singer
religious singer
Notice :
(1) Nouns having the following changes are also Sound Plurals,
/-r# + -*i#/ > /-r«#/
/-!# + ■*#/ >/-l:#/
/-n# + -n#/ >/-n ; #/
Singular
Plural
acrur
5S
igrurs (<igrurn) pile of stones
ayd:ar
iYd:ar :
traitor
aliaq : ar
ihaq : ar :
crow
atLam: ar
iham : ar:
main pole of the tent
ahndir
ihndir;
blanket
ahrir
•
ihrir :
soup
aydrur
iydrur :
dust
abaq. : ar
ibaq : ar :
catastrophe (used in
swearing;
abh 5 ar
ibh:ar:
garden
abulxir
ibulxir:
Pig
adyar
i dyar :
place, spot
adrdur
idrdur s
deaf
100
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
afq.:ir
asabar
almsir
amaz dar
arahdar
ams : utr
amyar
amxidar
anz : ar
adar
agz : ar
asidar
asf : ar
ayz : al
agdal
ahl : al
axlxal
abuylal
adr^al
adrbal
adl s al
azmil
asw : al
amaz : yal
ayu2il
Tamazight
The Noun
ifq : ir :
old man
isabar :
caravan
ilmsir :
sheep skin
imazdar;
inferior
imhdar:
student
ims:utr :
beggar
imyar;
old man
imxidar:
bet
in2 : ar :
carpenter
idar :
*
foot
igz : ar ;
butcher
isidar:
draft horse
isf : ar :
thief
irz-.al: (<iyz
:aln) plate, stick
i f dal :
pasture
ihl : al :
liar
ixlxal :
ring, link (in a chain)
ibuylal:
snail
idryal:
blind
idrbal;
rag
idlxal:
wandering salesman
izmil:
favor
isw : al s
harvester (person)
ima2 : yal:
superior
iyuzil:
orphan
101
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Noun
airihawal
abd:an
afr : an
axw;an
algun
amt : in
a?ban
imhawal: reconciliation
ibd:an : (<ibd:ann) skin
ifr : an : oven
ixw-.an: thief
ilgun : pick axe
imt:inj corpse
i^ban: a piece of cloth
102
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tama sight
The Noun
(2) Nouns ending in vowels have the suffix
{:.
-tn#-)
wn# J-
yn#J
rather than /-n#/ in their plurals and they too are here
treated as sound plurals.
Singular
Plural
amksa
imksawn
shepherd
asksa
isksawn
chick
amtna
imtnawn
bad winter (snow fall)
amzda
imzdawn
• *
weaver
adu
adutn
•
wind
ayrda
iyrdayn
rat
abiba
ibibatn
mosquito
adida
ididatn
talk
arazur:u
imzur;utn
•
waterfall
ag:u
agrutn
smoke
arwa
irwatn
threshing
a.SaKu/
i sakatn
shallow passage in a river
a?sk ; ri
i?sk : riyn
soldier
abulisi
ibulisiyn
policeman
a^unami
iTjmamiyn
black horse
ahuli
•
ihuliyn
ram
abali
ibaliyn
old
abr : ani
ibr : aniyn
foreigner, stranger
afasi
if asiyn
right-handed
afrdi
ifrdiyn
unique
afduli
ifduliyn
curious
103
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamaz
ight
The Noun
iznwiyn
knife
ikurbiyn
shoe
imxzniyn
soldier of the n
government
ihramitn
clever
ihilitn
•
clever
izur : utn
waterfall
izgutn
wind
ikurdutn
flea
aznwi
akurbi
amxzni
ahrami
ahili
azur : u
azgu
akurdu
IV. 4. 1.2 Internal (or Broken) Plurals
a) change of /#a-/ of the singular to /#i-/ in plural
b) no suffix /-n#/
c) internal (medial and/or final) change
Examples:
Singular
Plural
adasu
idusa
asklu
iskla
#
axbu
ixba
ay did
• •
iydad
* «
agrtil
igrtal
ahanu
•
ihuna
•
ayyul
iyyal
sandal
tree
hole
bird
mat
stable
donkey
104
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Noun
abaY:us
ibuy:as
monkey
amd:ak : l
imd:uk : al
friend
aqmu
iqma
•
mouth
asni£
isnad
ass
awtul
iwtal
rabbit
anzdi
inzda
traveller
asrdun
i srdan
imile
amzlud
• •
imzlad
poor, broke
amnzu
iinnza
early plowing
amazuz
• *
imuzaz
• •
late plowing
ahidus
ihidas
•
dance
ahyud
il?yad
crazy
aknbus
ilcn'bas
•
scarf
axnsus
ixn§as
face
ahizun
ihizan
lame
abux : u
ibux:a
worm
abadu
ibuda
edge of a field
abrdud
ibrdad
tail
afrsi
ifrsa
bark, peel
abrduz
ibrdaz
rag
a glims
iylmas
hood
agru
iyra
•
frog
aybalu
iybula
spring
ahitur
ihitar
sheep skin
105
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Noun
amadl
amalu
amazir
agadir
airihrus
#
amd:al : u
agatu
imudal
imula
imizar
iYudar
iirihras
irad:ul:a
iyuta
cheek
shadow
country, campsite
wall
active, intelligent
coward
rope
Notice the following broken plurals having the Arabic definite
article:
Ixlift
Imus:
l«ib
lq:hwa
lyul
lstab
s : id:an
s s uq :
s : nduq :
r s bh
Ixlayf
larawas :
l?yub
lq:hawi
laywal
Istub
S:wad:n
laswaq.:
lasnadq. :
larbah
administrative job
knife
shame
coffee
ogre
book
devil
market
box
profit
106
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Noun
IV. 4, 1.3 Mixed Plurals
(Internal plurals with External suffixes )
Singular
Plural
afus
ifas s n
argaz
irgzn
asif
isaf : n
afud
ifad:n
abrid
ibrdan
adad
idudan
* •-
adis
idusan
agl : id
igldan
alfm
•
ilyman
m
axdul
ixdlan
ayrd
iyrdan
aytir
iytran
ayur
iyran
•
a^cdil
ixdlan
hand
man
river
knee
road
finger
belly
king
camel
round loaf of bread
neck
thorn
honey comb
belly
Remarks on the Pluralization of Masculine Nouns
Sometimes the /#a-/ of the singular does not change in the
Plural. Singular nouns that have /#!-/ or /#u~/ show the same
prefix in their plural forms. Sometimes prefix /#a-/ of the
singular noun changes to /#u-/-
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
107
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Noun
axbas
aluq : id
ad:bliz
asbab
ansus
ag-a
ad-.zar
anu
imsli
ilis
iimsi
izikr
ifd:iwz
iyil
iljnbl
iyzdis
Ily
itri
id
*
izli
isli
isl ; i
ixf
urti
axbasn
aluq : idn
ad:blizn
asbabn
ansusn
ag:atn
4
ad:zar :
anutn
irasliwn
i -«- 1 sn
imnsitn
izakar;
ifd:iwzn
iyalin
ihnbl:
iyzdisan
ilyan
itran
idan
izlan
islan
i si : iwn
ixf awn
urtan
claw
match
bracelet
eye lash
lip
burden
neighbor
well
lunch
raw wool
supper
cord
ii
spark
arm
blanket
rib
l3g
star
night
song
bridegroom
stone
head
garden
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
108
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Noun
US;n
us : an:
anu
una
as :
us: an
iS:
as: iwn
IV. 5
Feminine
Plurals
jackal
well
day
horn (of an animal)
IV. 5.1. External Plurals (or Sound Plurals)
(a) Sing: /#ta-/ ± PI: /#ti-/
(b) delete / t#/ of the singular
(c) add suffix /-In#/ for plural
Singular
taxamt
tafunast
taful : ust
taq : bilt
tazlaft
tamyart
tabhirt
tawrirt
tanslmt
tamsafrt
tamq : ablt
tamzawgit
Plural
tixamin
ti fun as in
tiful s usin
tiq : bilin
tizlafin
timyarin
tibharin
tiwririn
tinslmin
timsafrin
timq-ablin
timzawg : in
tamzayt: (<tmzaydt) timzaydin
tent
cow
hen
tribe
platter
old woman
garden
hill
Moslem
traveller
caretaker
one who asks protection
one who adds
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
109
Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Noun
tam?awnt
tays : ast
tamk : ust
tarns : ufst
tamzurt
•
ta?w : amt
tamksawt
tamzdawt
tarns :utrt
tah.b : ast
tamr;ayt
tarh : alt
tastaajrt
tast : aiit
tazd:amt
ta^saqt
taxdxamt
taxd:a?t
tabs: art
tamdl: *t
tahal : ast
tahr : aft
tash : art
tasm: art
tim^awnin
tiys:a§in
timk:usin
tims-.uf sin
timzurin
ti?W:amin
timksawin
timzdawin
tims : utrin
tihb : asin
timr : ayin
tirh : alin
tist:ayin
tist : ahin
tizd:amin
ti^saqin
tixd:amin
tixd:a^in
tibs : arin
tiradl:*in
tihal s asin
tihr s afin
tish : arin
tism s arin
helper
cheater
heiress
one who spits
pilgrim
swimmer
shepherdess
weaver
beggar
prisoner
masseuse
nomad
filter
dancer
wood collector
sweetheart, beloved
worker
deceiver
bearer of good tidings
loaf of bread
saddle
a piece of cloth for carrying
a baby on the back
magician
hammer
110
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Noun
tast:abt
ta§k : arat
tasf s art
ta?s*ast
taxw : ant
tamasart
tamazant
tasr : ayt
Notice: Nouns ending in vowels may have the suffix /-iwin#/
Singular Plural
tamrra tinrfriwin wedding
tabarda tibardiwin saddle
tist:abin
•
broom
tisk : amin
denouncer
tisf : arin
thief
ti?s : asin
guard
tixw : anin
thief
timasarin
thief
timazanin
sender
tisr : ayin
lessee
IV.5.2. Internal Plurals (or Broken Plurals )
(a) /#ta-/ of Sing j. /#ti-/ in pi.
(b ) Internal change
(c) deletion of final /-t#/
(d) no suffix
Singular Plural
tisirt tisar
tal : st til: as
tayyult tiyyal
tarad:ak : lt timd:uk : al
tiym : i
tiym : a
mill
darkness, dusk
female" donkey
girl friend
community of nomads
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
111
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Noun
tazrt
tizar
pitchfork
tagrtilt
tigrtal
mat
tamazirt
timizar
property
tus;nt
tus-an
jackal
taq : b : ut
tiq:b : a
•
djellaba
tanryrust
timYras
sacrifice
tagal : it
tigal : a
*
swearing
taqdurt
tiqdar
•
pot
talxatmt
tilxutam
ring
r : iht
•
r ; wayh
odor
lhast
Uiwayz
UUXIlg
Ixudrt
•
lxudrat
vegetable
lyabt
lywabi
forest
IV.5.3
Mixed Plurals
(Internal Plurals with External Suffixes)
tadist tidusin belly
tafust tifusin hand
tawariyt tiwaryiwin
tad: art tad:rwin
dream
house
Notes on Some Feminine Nouns
(1) Some feminine Arabic nouns were borrowed into Berber with the
Arabic feminine marker /-a#/ in dialectical Arabic (At-/ in
classical Arabic), e.g.:
112
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Noun
Dialectical Arabic
Berber
r : iha
?lhaza
lyaba
lqa?ida
s s ulta
lljlcuma
lzama?a
r;iht
lhast
lyabt
Iq : a? i da
s : ulta
lhk:uma
lzama?a
odor
thing
forest
tradition
authority
government
council
(2) Some singular feminine nouns (native or loan) do not
change their /#ta-/ to /#ti-/ in the plural, e.g.:
Singular
tal;unt
tad: art
t adz art
taq : ayt
tayma
tasna
Plural
tal s unin
drum
tad:rwin
house
tadzarin
neighbor
taq s ayin
head
taymiwin
thigh
tan sn win
term of reference
for co-wife
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
113
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Noun
Dialectical Arabic
Berber
r s iha
?lhaza
lyaba
lqa?ida
S;ulta
lljkuma
lzama?a
r : iht
lhast
lyabt
Iq : a? i da
s : ulta
* •
lhk:uma
lzama?a
odor
thing
f orast
tradition
authority
government
council
(2) Some singular feminine nouns (native or loan) do not
change their /#ta-/ to /#ti-/ in the plural, e.g.:
Singular
tal : unt
tad: art
t adz art
taq : ayt
tayma
tasna
Plural
tal:unin
drum
tad:rwin
house
tadzarin
neighbor
taq : ay in
head
taymiwin
thigh
tan sn win
term of reference
for co-wife
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
113
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference firammar
Tamazight
The Noun
(3) Some feminine singular nouns ending in /-t:#/ show the
following change in plural: /-t:#/ ± /-*-/
Singular Plural
talat; talatin ditch.
tislit: tislatin bride
tizit: tizatin fly
tifrit: tifratin cave
iy.,6 Miscellaneous
IV. 6.1 Plurals with /id-/ (m,f ) and /ist:/ (f ) 5
Plural
Singular
lfq-.ih
bab
bibi
<?m s i
xali
*t:i
xalti
ut :ma
Ixzin
lmizan
lhm:inam
lhzam
idlfq:ih
idbab
idbibi
id?m:i
idxali
ist:?t;i
id*t:i
ist: xalti
idxalti
ist:ut:ma
idlxzin
idlmizan
idlh.m : am
idlhzam
learned person
owner
turkey
my paternal uncle
my maternal uncle
ray maternal aunt
my maternal aunt
my sister
storing place
balance, set of scales
bathroom
belt
114
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tama sight
*Fhg Mmm
butarda
m : tarda
d:unit
s : rir
t-aman
idbu tarda
i dm: tarda
idd:unit
ids : rir
i dt : aman
washer (m)
washer (f)
world
hed
price
TV. 6.2 Plurals with/ayt-/ (m)
undir aytundir
wiyrm
aytiYrm
a man from the tribe of
Ayt Oundir
a man from one's village
IV. 6.3 Plurals of Different Roots
Singular Plural
l*il Iwasun
tarbats tisir s atin
tamdut:
tagmart
tixsi
tid:
•
tiwtmin
tiyal : in
ulsi
al : n
boy
girl
woman
mare
sheep
eye
IV.6.4 Diminutives 7
Certain masculine nouns give a diminutive noun by prefixation
of /#t-/ and suf fixation of /-t:#/ (or /-t#/).
115
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Noun
Masculine Noun
afus
adar
aybalu
agrtil
Diminutive
tafust:
tadart;
taybalut:
tagrtilt
o
IV. 6.5 Augmentative
Certain feminine nouns give Augmentatives by a process that is
the reverse of Diminutive Formation mentioned in IV. 6.4 above
Meaning
small hand
small foot
small spring
small mat
Feminine Noun
taxamt
tast : abt
tamart
tabhirt
Augmentative
axam
ast : ab
amar
abhir
Meaning
big tent
big broom
big beard
big garden
IV. 6. 6 collective Nouns 9
IV.6.6.1
Singular Collective
Nouns
udi
butter
uz s al
iron
az : ar
hair
imndi
grain
d:ra
t •
corn
ayrum
bread
ay:u
milk
tadunt
urease
shortening,
cooking fat
116
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
iteierence Grammar xam^zigi
it
The* Mmm
tdut;
•
wool
tisnt
salt
tuya
grass
iyd
ashes
IV. 6. 6. 2 plural Collective Nouns 10
water
aman
idamtn
blood
ilam : n
bran
lflus
money
md.-n
people
irdn
wheat
tarwa
offspring,
progeny
tiyrad
salary-
imas : n
plough
tir : a
writing
timzin
barley
tuzlin
scissors
iraryan
sauce
irsan
dirt
ifsan
seeds
IV.6.7 Noun of Unity 11
The noun of unity is formed from a collective noun
by the same process used in IV .6 .k above for the formation of
Diminutives .
117
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazi ght
The Noun
azalim
• •
onions
tazalimt
• •
an onion
z : nbu?
oranges
taz -nbu?t
an orange
lmsmas
apricots
talmsmast
an aprico
lxux
peaches
talxuxt
a peach
xiz : u
carrots
taxiz : ut
a carrot
In some cases the noun of unity is achieved by the use of
/ahbub/ "grain" before the collective noun, e.g.:
ahbub nr : uz a grain of rice
ahbub nd;ra a kernel of corn
ahbub w;adil a grape
IV .6 # 8 Composed Nouns
(1) u = (son of)
(2) ut = (daughter of)
utmazirt
ut-mazirt (<uttmazirt)
(3) ayt-
(k) ist : -
ayt : mazirt
ist;mazirt
(5) bu- (father of)
(6) idbu-
buyhl : al
idbuyhl : al
of (m.s. )
of (f.B.)
country man
country woman
(m.p. )
(f.p.)
country men
country women
of (m # s.)
of (pi.)
liar (m)
liars (m)
118
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazl ght
The, Noun
(7) m: (mother of)
(8) idm : -
m : ihl:al
idm s ihl;al
(9) bab (owner)
bab n tad: art
(10) lal :
lal s n tad: art
of (f.s.)
of (f.p.)
liar (f)
liars (f)
master of, o"wner
master of the house
(fern. )
mistress of the house
(11) /bu-/ and /m s / can denote a 'trade 1 or 'occupation*
bu?ari one ± n charge of a forest
buwyanim * one who plays the flute
bulhm : am public bath attendant (m)
m : lhm : am public bath attendant (f)
* (ayanim 'reed'j for change of a to w see IV « below)
IV. 7 Construct State of the Noun ^
A noun in the construct state (c.s.) changes its shape.
0;afunast/ * /tfunast/ ' cow 1 ; /argaz/ ^/urgaz/ 'man' . . . etc . )
IV. 7.1 Changes occuring in masculine nouns
/#a-/. ►
/#!-/.
Si}
-> 1 -y- >
-yi-
119
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Noun
babuxam (<axam)
Ik: as w:atay (<atay)
axam isli (<isli)
ag:r : yirdn (<irdn)
taql-alt w:udi (<udi )
i?d : a utfl (<atfl)
tad: art uryaz (<aryaz)
ayrum yirdn (<irdn)
inyayi wuxs (<uxs)
lbab wrurti (<urti)
tadut: w:ul:i (<ul:i)
srad w:us:an (<us:an)
-> /-mi-/
head of the house
a glass of tea
the tent of the fiance
wheat flour
the butter jar
plenty of snow
the house of the man
wheat bread
tooth ache (it killed me of the
teeth)
the door of the garden
wool of the sheep
three days
IV - 7 - 2 Changes occuring in feminine nouns
/#ta-/ y f -t- -1
\-ta- rarelyj
/#ti-/ ,. f-t- n
^-ti- rarely r
/#tu-/ ► /-tu-/
argaz ntmd:ut : (<tamd:ut : )
s : alihin ntmizar (<timizar)
ixf ntus : nt (<tus : nt)
utmazirt (<tamazirt)
is s ntfunast (<tafunast)
taqb : ut n tadut (<tadut)
husband
local saints
head of a jackal
someone from your country
the horn of the cow
a woolen garment
120
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Noun
iy s is ntslit (<tislit)
amksa ntyd:n (<tiyd:n)
aman ntisirt (<tisirt)
srat: ntuzlin (<tuzlin)
bu tuzlin (<tuzlin)
lbab n tad: art (< tad: art)
the horse of the bride
the shepherd of goats
the water of the mill
three scissors
the owner of the scissors
the door of the house
IV. 6. 3 The noun is in the construct state if :
(a) the noun is in genitive construct N-, of N 2 (N^ changes)
tad: art urgaz the house of the man
(urgaz c.s. of argaz)
lk ; asw:atay a cup of tea
(watay c # s. of atay)
argaz ntmd s ut: husband (man of the woman)
(tmd:u^ : c # s. of tamd:^: )
is s ntfunast the horn of the cow
(tfunast c.s. of tafunast)
(b) the noun is the subject of a verb
and it follows the verb
if:Y umaziy The Berber went out,
(uraaziy c # s # of amaziy)
121
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight The Noun
iswa urgaz atay The man drank tea.
(urgaz c.s. of argaz)
Compare the above two examples with the following where the
noun is also the subject of the verb but precedes it :
amaziy if:y The Berber went out.
argaz iswa atay The man drank tea.
However, we have to state that the native speaker of Berber
prefers the order vb. + subj. rather than subj. + vb.
(c) the noun follows a numeral , e.g.:
(yun [m] , yut [f] 'one' , xmsta^s 'fifteen* , st:a?s 'sixteen')
yun was: a day (one day)
(was; c.s. of as; )
yut tmd:ut : a lady (one lady)
(tmd:ut: c.s. of tamd:ut ; )
xmsta?s ntfunast l£ cows
(tfunast c.s. of tafunast)
st : a?s war : yal 16 rials
( war : yal c.s. ar : yal )
(d) the noun follows a certain preposition :
y txant in the tent
(txamt c.s. of taxamt)
xf tfunast on the cow
(tfunast c.s. of tafunast)
122
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tama_zight rph^ & o ua
yr txamt (f) (<taxamt) to the tent
yr argaz (m) (<argaz) to the man
(only fern, nouns following /yt/ are in the c # s.)
iurgaz (<argaz) to the man
itfunast (<tafunast) to the cow
sufus (<afus) by/with the hand
zy tmazirt (<tamzirt) from the country
(i) Preposition after which only feminine nouns are in the construct
state :" '"
yr to
fii ) Prepositions after which the noun3 are In the construct gtatgj
i to
y in
s with, (instrumental)
am : like
xf on
zy from
d with
n of
cUaw under
ingr - ngr between
( iii ) Prepositions after which nouns are NOT in the construct state :
s to (directional)
123
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Noun
b?d
bla
ar
al :
before
after
without
until (to)
until (to)
Notes on the preposition "n" (of)
(1) n^ > -1 before a noun with initial /#1-/
n - ^ -w before a noun with initial /#a-/
n . ^ -y before a noun with initial /#i~/
n * > -n elsewhere
(ii) Nouns with initial /#a-/ drop their /#*-/ in the
construct: 'some of 1 + Noun with /#a-/ i.e. (san + N )
sa
n
Ihlib
— > sa
1
lhlib ,
*> sa
l:hlit>
sa
n
aksum
sa
w
ksum
sa
wksum
sa
n
lg : ayz
sa
1
lg : ayz
sa
l:g : ayz
sa
n
lb it run
sa
1
Ibitrun
sa
l:bitrun
sa
n
udi
sa
w
wudi
sa
W;Udi
sa
n
iful:usn
sa
y
ful : usn
sa
yful : usn
V
sa
n
ayrum
sa
w
yrum
sa
WYrum
sa
n
aslix
sa
w
slix
V
sa
wslix
sa
n
atfl
sa
w
tfl
sa
wtfl
sa
n
ayanim
sa
w
yonim
sa
wYanim
some
milk
some
meat
some
kerosene
some
kerosene
some
butter
some
chickens
some
bread
some
skin
some
snow
some
reeds
124
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight The Moun
However few nouns retain their /#a-/ and follow the rules
of construct state of nouns.
sa n atay > sa w watay ^ sa w : atay some tea
sa n awal > sa w wawal ^sa w s awal some talk
(e) the noun follows the conjunction 'and r /d/ (N^ and No ):
lq s hwa dwatay (<atay) coffee and tea
argaz t : rad:ut: (<tamd:ut$ the man and the lady
(n # b # /d/ assimilates to a following /t/ in the above example)
tamd 5 ut durgaz (<aigaz ) the lady and the man
ayyul t s funast (tafunast) the donkey and the cow
125
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Noun
Notes on the Noun in Ayt Seghrouchen (A.S.)
The nominal affixes listed here for Ayt Ayache are the
same for Ayt Seghrouchen.
Quite a number of the masculine singular nouns which in Ayt
Ayache have initial /#a-/ appear in Ayt Seghrouchen without
this /#a~/« The plurals of these A.S. nouns, however, are
identical with those of A. A. Moreover, the construct state
(see IV. 7) of the A.S. nouns has /#u-/ as in A. A.
Examples :
Singular
Plural
A.A.
A.S.
Construct
AJV. &
A.S.
avnim
yanim
uyanim
iyanimn
reed
afus
fus
ufus
ifas : n
hand
adad
dad
udad
• •
idudan
finger
afud
fud
ufud
ifad:n
knee
This is another phonological difference between the two
dialectsj In A.S. ,
/-r# + -n#/ /-rn#/
/_!# + . n #/ /-ln#/
/-n# + -n#/ /-n:#/ (same as A. A.)
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
126
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Noun
Examples from A.S.:
adrdur
ayz : al
afr:an
idrdurn
deaf
iYZ:aln
stick
ifrran:
oven
As examples of lexical differences:
A.A.
A.S.
ifdriwz
lslii
ixf
tazlaft
tawrirt
aqzriw
4Bk *9 "VWI "1
aoxu
• •
azl:if
tziwa
tis:ut
spark
stone
head
platter
hill
In Ayt Seghrouchen we get /it-/ (m), /suyt/ /ist/ (f), e.g.
ifgih
*t:i
itlfgih
suyt*? t : i
learned person
my paternal aunt
The same nouns are here listed for A.S.
Singular
arba
tarbat:
tamt:ut:
tazmart
tixsi
tit:
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Plural
127
Iwasun
boy
tisir ; atin
girl
ti?y : alin
woman
tiyaliin
mare
ul s i
sheep
al s n
eye
Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tama sight
The Noun
7
8
The same nouns are here listed for A # S # :
fus tfust
dar d:art:
aybalu taybalut;
azrtil tazrtilt
The same nouns here are listed for A.S.:
txant
tast;abt
tmart
tabhirt
The same nouns are here listed for A.S.:
small hand
small foot
small spring
small mat
axam
big tsnt
ast :ab
•
big room
mar
big beard
abhir
big garden
udi
uz : al
az-ar
imndi
d:ra
ayrum
ayi
tadunt
taduft
tisnt
tuza
iyd
butter
iron
hair
grain
corn
bread
milk
grease, shortening, cooking fat
wool
salt
grass
ashes
128
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Noun
10
Plural Collective Nouns in A.S.:
aman
idam : n
lflus
mid:n
irdn
tarwa
•
tiyrad
imas : n
timzin
•
timsrad
imryan
*
if san
water
blood
money
people
wheat
offspring, children
salary
plough
barley
scissors
sauce
seeds
11
Noun of Unity in A.S.:
As/
/ : imun/
/xux/
/xiz :u/
onions
oranges
peaches
carrots
talbslt
talimunt
talxuxt
taxiz :ut :
an onion
an orange
a peach
a carrot
Nouns of Unity achieved by the use of /ahbub/ f grain* in A.S,
ahbub
•
nr:uz
•
a grain of rice
ahbub
•
n$:ra
a kernel of corn
ahbub
•
w:adil
a grape
129
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight The Noun
12
Such composed nouns in A.S. are:
u (son of) of (ms )
ult (daughter of) of (fs)
ulahl t>arent, relative (ms)
ultlahl parent , relative (fs)
bu (owner of) of (ms )
ayt (owners of) of (mp )
buyhlral liar (ms )
ayt ihl:al liars (mp)
«
m: (mother of)
suyt (mothers of)
m:ihl:al liar (fs)
suytihlral liars (fp)
/bu/ and /m:/ can denote a trade or occupation :
buyaba one in charge of a forest
bulhmram public bath attendant (m)
m:lhm:am public bath attendant (f )
3 The construct state of the noun is the same in Ayt Seghrouchen
as it is in Ayt Ayache.
130
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
V. Particles
This section discusses the Interrogative particles^
Conjunctions, Prepositions,, the Presentational particles,
the Vocative particle and the Conditional particles in
Ayt Ayache and Ayt Seghrouchen. Due to the fact that there
is quite a difference between the two dialects in this
domain of their lexicon, a full discussion of each of the
headings mentioned above is given for Ayt Seghrouchen
following that of Ayt Ayache.
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Particles
V. Particles
V.l Interrogative Particles (Ayt Ayache)
1 ) may ?
- mag:ms muha ?
(may ims --^>mag:ms)
=muha amdak:l ncli ag:a
ms
-may tms fadma ?
= fadma mays nmuha ay tga
Who?
Who is Muha?
Muha is Ali's friend.
to be related to (a verb
of identification)
Who is Fadma?
Fadma is Muha T s mother
2) ma ~~ may ?
- ma datrinid ?
= walu
- may tn:id ?
= nri^eg ya^. :ah and:u
yr tad: art
ini
n:iy
n:iyas
What?
What are you saying?
Nothing .
What did you say?
I told you let us
go home.
to say
I said
I said to you
3 ) mat :a ?
- mat :a was : ?
= Itnayn
- mat :a laswaq: n:a
yr dat:d:ud ?
= dant:sv/:aq: midlt
What? Which?
What day? (which day?)
Monday .
What markets do you
go to?
We go to the Midelt
market.
4) mi?
- sg : dmi ?
= nk: dmuha
- mat i 3a dmi ?
= matisa dl :ubya
Who ? What ?
You and who?
I and Muha.
Tomatoes and what?
Tomatoes and green
beans.
132
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Particles
5)
mani ?
- mani muha ?
= id:a y r s:uq:
= il :a da
= il:a din:
« uril:i
= urs :inr
= dyi ad:i*ayd
ili
da
din:
d Y i
Where?
Where is Muha?
He went to the market.
He is here*
He is there*
He is not here.
I do not know.
He will be back soon,
to exists to be
here
there
now
°)
mayr ?
- mayr id:a muha ?
= id: a sigran
- mayr td:id ?
= d:iy yr ?ari
Where?
Where did Muha go?
He went to the fields
Where are you going?
I am going to the
mountains •
7) mani luq:t ?
- mani luq:t ay dit:?ayad
*li ?
= as:a
= ask:a
= adizri wask:a
= dyi
cayd
When?
What time will Aly
be back?
Today.
Tomorrow.
The day after tomorrow.
Now.
to return
8) milmi ?
- milmi ay dicayd muha ?
= urs :iny
= idl:i
- milmi ay dit : cayad muha ?
= dyi ad: 3 ^ayd
When?
When did Muha come
back ?
I do not know.
Yesterday.
When will Muha be back?
He will be back soon.
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
133
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Particles
9) winmi (m) ?
- winmi igra ?
= winw
= win * li
= wins
Whose (m.)? (Notice:
it is the object that
is masculine)
Whose field is this?
It ! s mine.
It's Aly ! s
It's his/hers
10) tinmi (f ) ?
- tinmi tad:arta ?
= tin cli
= tinw
tins
tin:m
tins
tin:y
tin run
timknt
tinsnt
Whose (f.) ? (Notice:
it is the object that
is feminine)
Whose house is this?
It's Aly's.
mine
yours (m.s. )
yours (f .s. )
his/hers
ours
yours (m.p. )
theirs (m. )
theirs (f . )
11 ) milan ?
- milan tad:arta
= tin muha
Whose?
Whose house is this?
It * s Muha ! s .
12) mims ?
- mimS ag:a ?
= ami :al
- mims dat:g:ad id:? am ?
= urs :iny
How?
How is it?
White.
How do you (s. ) make
couscous?
I don't know.
Notice: ag:a < ay iga (which it is)
13) shal ?
^mshal ?
^rnsta ?
- Shal t :aman ?
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
134
How many? How much?
What is the price?
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Particles
=tlatin ryal
-shal tas:a?t ?
=ts*ud dumnasf
-msta 1 :wasun ay yurs
=yuri snat ntsir:atin
Thirty Rials
What time is it?
9:30
How many children
do you have?
I have two girls.
14 ) max ?
max al :iy ?
-max ?
=urs :iny
-max al:iy did:a ?
=t :af ad adik : y r rciuha
Why?
Why ... ?
Why?
I don't know.
Why did he come?
In order to visit
Muha.
15 ) mand :yid ?
-mand:yid muha ag:d:an
yr s:uq: ?
=muha u?q:a
-mand:yid fadma ag:d:an
yr s:uq: ?•
=fadma us<?id
Which one (m or f )?
Which Muha went to
the market?
Muha Ouakka.
Which Fadma went to
the market?
Fadma Ousaid.
Notice: (ag:d:an < ay id:an) ! who went 1 , id ran is the
past participle of /d:u/ f to go f . Whenever /ay + i > g:/
as in /ag:d:an/ this will be transcribed as one word.
16) mand:iyun ?
-mandciyun ag:d:an
yr s :uq : ?
=muha ag:d:an
Which one of you (m)?
Which one of you (m. )
went to the market?
Muha.
17) mandiiknt ?
-mandriknt ag:s:nwan
ay rum ?
= fadma
=nk:
Which one of you (f )?
Which one of you (f )
baked the bread?
Fadma .
I.
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
135
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Particles
s :nw
18) mandriyry ?
-mandriyny ay trid
=sg: amuha
=§m: afadma
to cook
Which one of us?
Which one of us do
you want?
You j Muha*
You , Padma.
19) mand:iksn ?
-mandriksn ay trid ?
=?li
-mandriksn ag:swan atay ?
==muha
Which one of them (m)?
Which one of them (m. )
do you want?
Aly
Which one of them (m)
drank the tea?
Muha.
20) mandriksnt ?
-mand : iksnt ag : s :nwan
ay rum ?
=fadma
Which one of them (f.)?
Which one of them (f)
baked the bread ?
Padma .
21) is ?
-istrid atay ?
=la . riy lq:hwa
-isidra muha ?
=y:ih
Do-Have- Is/Are ?
Do you want tea?
No, I want coffee,
Did Muha go?
Yes.
22) id: ?
-id: tad:artns aya ?
=y:ih
-id: nt:a ?
-id: nt:at ?
=la
-id:adixdm ?
=la
/id:/ is here transcribed as part of a verbal construc-
tion but autonomous from a following noun.
136
Do-Have- Is/Will/Are ?
Is this your house?
Yes.
Is it him?
Is it her?
No.
Is he going to work?
Will he work?
No.
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Particles
V.2 Interrogative Particles (Ayt Seghrouchen)
1. may
-mag:ms muhnd ?
-muhnd amd:ak:l n*li ag:zu
-maytms mam: a ?
-mam:a im:as m:uhnd aytzu
2. may
-may t :init ?
-walu
-may tn:it ?
-nrixas yal:ah an: rah yr
tad:art
Who?
Who is Muhnd
Mohamed is Aly f s friend.
Who is Mamma?
(< n+munnd) Mamma is Mohamed 1 s
mother.
What?
What are you saying?
Nothing
What did you say?
I told you, "Let's
go home • "
mat :a
-mat :a was : ?
-It :nayn
-mat:a laswaq: din yr tg:urt
-l:atsv;:aq:x sk:ura
*
What, which
What, which day?
Monday
Which market do you go to?
I go to Skoura market.
mi
-sk: dmi ?
-nts dmuhnd ♦
-matisa dmi ?
-matisa dl:ubya
Who, what.
You and who (else) ?
Muhnd and I.
Tomatoes and what?
Tomatoes and green beans.
5 • mani
mani muhnd ?
-irah yr s :uq:
-il:a da - -
-il :a din : - -
-uril :i
-urs :inx
-durt :x ad:i^id
Where?
Where is Muhnd?
He went to the market.
He is here.
He is there.
He is not
I do not know
He will be back soon.
137
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Particles
6. mayr
-mayr da tq:imt ?
urufx mani yr Y a rahx
Why?
Why are you staying here?
I do not know where to
go. (Lit: I do not find
where to go).
7. mat:a luq:t
mat:a luq:t aydrya i*id *li ?
-idu
8. mlmi ~ milmi
-mlmi aydri c id muhnd
-urs :inx
-idn:at
-mlmi ayd:yay^id muhnd
-durtx adri^id
When^ What time.
When is Aly coming back?
Today.
When ?
When did Muhnd come back?
I do not know.
Yesterday.
When is Muhnd coming back?
He will be back soon.
9. wim:i (< win + mi ), wig;ilin
wig:ilin izru ?
winw
win ?li
win : s
Whose (m) ?
Whose field is this?
Mine.
Aly 1 s.
His.
10. timri ^ wigrilin ?
(< tin + mi)
wig:ilin tadrartu
^ timri tadrartu
tincli
tinrs
tinrm
tinrs
tinrx
tin run
tin rsnt
tinrsn
tin rsnt
Whose is. . . ?
Whose house is this?
Aly' s.
Yours (ms).
Yours (fs).
His/ Hers,
Ours,
yours (mp).
Yours (fp).
Theirs (mp).
Theirs (fp),
138
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamaziffht
Particles
11. wigiilin
wig:ilin tadrartu ?
timruhnd (<tin + muhnd)
Whose is. . .
Whose house is this?
It is Muhnd 1 s.
12. mism
mism ag:zu ?
ami :al
mism ayt:g:t iwutsu ?
How
How is it?
White.
How do you do couscous?
13. mshal ~ msta ?
'■ . ■■ ■ ' ■ ■■
-mghal t:aman ?
-tlatin ryal
How much^ how many?
How much is it? (liter, ,! How
much is the price.
30 rials
-mshal tas:a?t ?
-t :s^a wns :
What time is it?
9:30
-mshal 1 :wasun ayy rs ?
-yri snat ntsirratin
How many children do you have?
I have two girls.
14. mah > mah azg:a
-mah ?
-urs :inx
Why?, Why ?
I do not know.
-mah azg:a drirah ?
-t:af ad:ik: ^r muhnd .
Why did he come?
So that he visits Muhnd,
15. mandg:it ?
-mandgrit muhnd ag:rahn yr s:uq: ?
-muhnd u^q:a
Which Muhnd went to the
market?
Muhnd Ouakka.
l6 • mandiwn
-mandiwn agrrahn y r s:uq: ?
-muhnd agrrahn
Which one? (among you (m ) )
Which one of you went to the
market?
It is Muhnd who went.
Digitized by -- q
UNIVERSITY OF MICHISOf
Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Particles
17. mandiwnt
-mandiwnt agrsmwn ay rum ?
-mam: a
-nts
which one (of you (f)) ?
Which one of you cooked the
bread?
Mamma.
I,
18. mandinx
-mandinx aytbyit ?
-sk: amuhnd
-Sm: amam:a
who among us
you , Mahnd
you , Mamma
19. mandisn
-mandisn aytbyit ?
-*li .
-mandisn agrswin at ray ?
-muhnd
who, which among them (m)
Who/ which one do you want?
Aly.
Who among them drank tea?
Muhnd.
20. mandisnt
-mandisnt agrsrnawn ayrum ?
«
-mam: a
who/which one of them (f)
Which one is cooking bread?
Mamma.
21. is
-is tbyit at ray ?
-la y byix lqrhwa
-is irah muhnd ?
• • •
-y:ih .
Interrogative particle
Do you want tea?
No, I want coffee.
Did Muhnd go?
Yes.
22. isd
Interrogative oarticle
-isdtadrartnrs ayu ? > ist radrartnrs ayu ? Is this your house?
-yrih Yes.
-isd +ntra >isnrtra Is it him?
-isd +nt:at >isn:trat Is it her?
-la No,
-isd adixdm ? Is he going to work?
-urs rinx I do not know*
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN lh0 UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Particles
v -3 Conjunctions
V.3.1 Ayt Ayache
1) l:iy
ad:ay
nd:a l:iy did:a
ad: ay nwin waman ad^mry atay
when
When he came we left
When the water boils > I
will make tea.
2) l:iy
l:iy das :aray zm^y d«li
while
While I was walking, I
met Aly .
3) Yas an:axf xas
yas anraxf truzadm nd:u
yas adnwin waman ad?m:ry atay
as soon as
As soon as you (rn.p. )
are ready we will go
As soon as the water
boils I T 11 make tea.
4) ay
n:a
muha ag: d:an . (< ay id:an)
fadma ag: d:an
tisir:atin ag: d:an .
argaz n:a yd:an > yma ag:a .
l:una ay xtary .
l:un n:a xtary aya .
l*il n:a yran lk:as aya.
han lcil n:a yran lk:as.
tarb:at: n:a yran lk:as aya
han tarb :at n:a yran lk:as
tafunast n:a ytsan tuya aya .
who, which
It f s Muha who went .
It's Fatma who went.
It's the girls who went.
The man who went is my
brother.
It's this color which
I choose.
This is the color which
I choose.
This is the boy who wants
the glass.
There is the boy who
wants the glass.
This is the girl who
wants the glass.
There is the girl who
wants the glass.
This is the cow that
ate the grass.
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
141
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Particles
han tafunast n:a ytsan tuya
There is the cow that
ate the grass.
5) ak:ma
akrmani
ak:milmi
ak:an:a
ak:un:a
whatever
wherever
whenever
whatever
whoever
ak:ma y r id:a yaf zha
ak:mani yr id:a 9 yaf zha
ad:ud yur:Y ak:milmi
ak:an:a trid adastsy
ak:wn:a didran tsmas atay
Wherever he goes, he finds
Jeha.
Wherever he goes 3 he finds
Jeha.
Come to see us, whenever
(you want ) .
I f ll give you whatever you
want.
Give tea to whoever comes
here.
6) d
id:a muha d*li rrsruq:
and
Muha and Ali went to the
market.
7) walayn:i
walaknri
mas a
d:iy walayn:i urnrufiy muha
but
I went but I did not find
Muha.
8) la ... ula . . .
urifhim la Imalik ula Iwazirns
ayn:a yn:a zha
neither. . .nor. . .
Neither the king nor
his minister understood
what Jeha said.
9) al:iy
al:
iq :ra al :iy iwhl
until
until
He studied until he got
4-1 ~cs*
142
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Particles
q:im al : did:u
Stay until he comes.
10) t:afad
hma
rb:ay tamaziyt trafad adsiwly
imdrn da
rbray tamaziyt hma adsiwly
imdrn da
11) ?lahqr
riyt ?lahqr izil
so that
in order to
I studied Berber so that
I could talk to people
here,
I studied Berber so that
I could talk to people
here.
because
I like him because he is
nice.
12 ) mad
is trid lq:hwa mad atay ?
or
Do you want coffee or tea?
V.3*2 Ayt Seghrouchen
1) zg:a
ad ray
nrah zgra drirah
• • •
ad ray nun waman ad^mrrx at ray
2) zgra
zgra s rarix zm?x d* li
when
We left when he came.
When the water boils,
I will make tea.
while
I met Ali while I was
walking.
3) xas , adinx
xas adnun waman ad^mrrx at :ay
adinx truzidm anrrah
as soon as
I T 11 make tea as soon
as the water is boiled.
We will leave as soon as
you are ready.
4) ay , din
muhnd agrrahn
lwaSun agrrahn
who, which
It is Muhnd who left.
It is the kids who left.
143
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Particles
mam: a agrrahn
tiMrratin ag:rahn
1 :unu ayxtarx
l:un din xtarx ayu
arba din ibyan lkas ayu
has arba din ibyan lkas
tarbat: din ibyan lkas ayu,
hasn: tarbat: din ibyan lkas
tafunast din itsin tuza ayu
hasn: tafunast din itsin tuza
has aryaz din yr syix izru
It is Mamma who left.
It is the girls who left .
It is this color I chose.
This is the color I chose.
That is the boy who wants
the glass.
There is the boy who wants
the glass.
This is the girl who wants
the glass.
There is the girl who
wants the glass.
This is the cow which ate
the grass.
There is the cow which
ate the grass.
This is the man from
whom I bought the field.
5) ak:adin
ak:mani
ak:adin in:a zha its lmalik
ak:mani yr irah izm? dzha
whatever
wherever
The king laughed at
anything Jeha said.
He meets Jeha wherever
he goes.
6) d
irah muha d*li yr s:uq;
and y with
Muha and Ali went to the
market.
7) walayn:i 3 walakayn:i > masa but
rahx walayn:i urn:ufix muhnd
Jwalakayn:i '
mala f
8) la ula neither, nor
urifhim la lmalik! ula lwazim:s Neither the king nor
adin in:a zha . his minister understood
what Jeha said.
144
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Particles
ul:it:t:x la Ibsl la tisrrt
I eat neither onions
nor garlic.
9) azg:a
al :
iq:ra azg:a ywhl
q:im al : drirah
till, until
He studied until he
got tired.
Stay until he comes.
10) t:af
zm:* Iflus t:af at:aft mas
yatsyt t:unubil
in order to, so that.
Save money so that you
buy a car. (Lit: so
that you find what to
buy a car with. )
11) c lahq:
byixt clahq: i<?dl
because
I like him because he
is nice.
12 ) mad
is tbyit lqzhwa mad at:ay ?
or
Do you want coffee
or tea?
V.4 Prepositions
V.4.1 Ayt Ayache
1) s y r r , i
id:a sasif
id:a y r s:uq:
sasd s:init imuha adi?m:r .
ts:nwa fadma ayrum imuha
to (for)
He went to the river.
He went to the market,
Give Muha the tray
(and the tea pot &
glasses) so that he
can make tea.
Padma baked bread for
Muha.
2) r r / --Noun
yur/ -- Pronoun
insa hd:u yr muha .
at
Haddu spent the night
at Muha's place.
145
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazlght
Particles
3) y
il:a ytadrart
Notice: y + i >g:
y + a — >g:
y irdn >g:irdn
y abrid >g:brid
4) s
yumzt : sufus
in
He is home (in the
house ) .
in the wheat
in the road
with (instrumental )
He held it (f . ) with
the hand.
5) s to (Directional)
id:a sasif He went to the river.
Notice: A noun is in the Construct State after instru-
mental /s/ but not after directional /s/ '.
6) xf / Noun
Y if / Pronoun
tl:a xf d:bla
tl:a ylfs
on
It (f . ) is on the
table. ^
It (f. ) is on it.
7) tf:ir
dar
il:a tf :ir ntadrart
tl:a dar ntad:artns
behind
He is behind the house.
She is behind her house,
8) dat
il:a dat ntad:art
in front of
He is in front of
the house.
9) zy
id:ad zy midlt
td:ad tbrat: zymuha
from
He came from Midelt.
A letter came from Muha,
10) n
ha tasarut: ntadrart
146
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
of
Here is the kpv for the
house.
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight Particles
Notice : phonological changes of /n/
n + Ibab > l:bab of the door .
n + atay > wratay of tea
n + ifulrusn > yfulrusn of chickens
n + z:itun > nzritun of olives
11) ingr between
am:as in the middle of
tlra ingr tiwriqrin lrknras It (f . ) is between
the pages of the
notebook.
tl:a am:as lrknras . It (f . ) is in the middle
of the note book.
12) qbl before
id:ad qbl tifawt . He came before dawn.
13) tf:ir after
id:ad tf :ir l:xtubt . He came after the Fri-
day prayer.
14) draw under
tl:a draw ndrbla . It (f . ) is under the
table.
V.4.2 Ayt Seghrouchen
1) Y r y i to
irah yr iyzr . He went to the river.
irah Yr sruqr . He went to the market.
. •
usdr srinyra imuhnd adi^mrr . Give Mohand the tray
(and the tea pot and
glasses) so that he
will make tea.
ts rnu mam: a ayrum imuhnd . Mamma baked bread for
Mohand .
2) y^ at ( chez in French)
insu hdru yr muha . Haddou spent the night
at Moha T s place*
147
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight Particles
3) y in
il:a ytad:art He is home (in the
house )
Notice ; y + i >g:
y + a >g:
y + irdn >g:irdn in the wheat
y + abrid ->g:brid in the road
^) s with (instrumental)
it:ft: sufus . He held it (f . ) with
the hand.
5) x on
tl:a xt:bla It (f . ) is on the table,
tl:a xs . It (f.) is on it.
Notice: xfi = on me
6) df:ir behind
il:a df :ir ntadrart . He is behind the house.
7) zdat in front of
il:a zdat ntadrart . He is in front of
the house.
8 ) zy from
irahd: zy midlt . He came from Midelt.
trahd: tbrat : zy muha . A letter came from Muha.
• • •
9) n of
ha tsarut: ntadrart . Her6 is the key for
the house.
Notice : phonological changes of /n/
n + lbab >l:bab of the door
n + at ray >w:at:ay of tea
n + udi >w:udi of the butter
n + ifilan >y:filan of the threads
148
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Particles
10) zar
am:as
tl:a zar tiwriqin l:kn:as
between
in the middle
It (f . ) is between the
pages of the notebook.
11) qbl , zdat
irahd: zdat l:fzr .
before
He came before dawn.
12) df:ir
irahd: df :ir lrxudbt
after
He came after the
Friday prayer.
13) draw
under
it (f . ) is under the
table.
V.5
The Presentational Particles,
1) ha (A. A. and A.S. )
ha muha id:ad
ha muhnd irahd:
must be followed by a noun :
Here : . . .is 3 Here. . .are
Here comes Muha (A. A )
Here comes Muha (A.S )
2) han (A. A. )
hat (A. A. )
has (A.S.)
has (A.S. )
followed by a noun
followed by a verbal form
followed by a noun
plus a third person pronominal suffix
han muha id: ad
hat id:ad
has muhnd irahd:
hast
hast :
hastn
hastnt
Here^comes Muha (AvA. )
Here he comes (A. A.)
Here comes Muha (A.S.)
Here he is
Here she is.
Here they are (m. )
Here they (f.) are.
149
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight Particles
V.6 Vocative Particle
a vocative particle (Oh, you)
This is the same both in Ayt Ayache and Ayt Seghrouchen,
ad:ud amuha . Come here Muha.
(Ayt Ayache)
awru anmuhnd . Come here Muha
(Ayt Seghrouchen)
V.7 Conditional Particles
(1) m§ (A. A., A.S.) if (oossible, orobable)
ms dhr: isignaw adwit unzar (A. A.) .
If clouds aooear, it rains.
mi imrd hd: layt:wa?ad adbib (A.S.) .
If somebody is sick, he sees the doctor.
(2) msur (A.A.,A.S.) if not (possible, orobable)
mSur did:i ask:a , add:uy rrmidlt (A. A.) .
msur d:irah dutsa , adrahx ymidlt (A.S.) .
If he does not come tomorrow, I'll go to Midelt.
(3) mr (A. A., A.S.) if (contrary to fact,
impossible)
mr yuri l:in Iflus idlri , lrasyiY igran n?li (A. A.) .
If I had had the money yesterday, I would have
bought Aly's fields.
mr drirah , Irawsixas lhzab (A.S.).
Had he come, I would have given him the amulet.
150
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight Particles
(4) mrid: (A.A.), mlid: (A.S.) if (contrary to fact,
impossible)
mrid: Sa yadn > uritrawy taqbruta sqlrmn sb?mysat ryal (A. A.)
If it were somebody else, I would not have given him
the djellaba for less than 700 Ryals.
mrid: isuridawa d:alb 1? il , l:aym:ut . (A. A.)
Had the Sheikh not cured the boy, he would have died.
mlid: hd: dnin yurit:awy taqb:ut:u sql: mnsb?my:at
ryal (A.S.) .
It it were somebody else, I would not have given him
the djellaba for less than 700 Ryals.
mlid: isuridawi t:alb arba l:aym:ut (A.S.) .
Had the Sheikh not cured the boy, he would have died.
i byI51
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
VI. Grammar of the Verb
This section treats the grammar of the verb in Ayt Ayache
in an exhaustive manner* It discusses Verb Stems (both basic
and derived) as well as Noun Stems (Verbal Nouns). It also
discusses Temporal and Modal derivations. Examples and rules
for all the derivations are included in this section. A
morphophonemic sketch stating forty-four possible changes
appears at the end of this section.
Notes on the grammar of the verb in Ayt Seghrouchen,
showing differences from Ayt Ayache with ample examples,
appear before Appendices A and Bo Appendix A is a Verb Sample
Appendix for Ayt Ayache. It is followed by a verb list of 450
verbs from that dialect. Appendix B is a Verb Sample Appendix
for Ayt Seghrouchen.
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight The Verb
VI. Grammar of the Verb
VI. 1 Basic and Derived Verb Stems
VI. 1.1 Basic Verb Stems
All unaugmented stems (1-77) appearing in position a)
in the Verb Sample Appendix A (pp. 245-261) are
basic verb stems (V). As is seen from the examples, some
basic verb stems (V) are clearly borrowings from Arabic.
However, these stems are now considered an integral part of
Tamazight verb lexicon, since they conform completely to
the derivational and inflectional patterns of the native
stems: e.g., Basic verb stems 45 /zdm/ •collect wood 1
(Native or Berber) and 44 /xdm/ 'work 1 (Arabic loan), derive
the following nouns of agent : /azd:am/, /izdramn/, /tazdiamt/,
/tizd:amin/ and /axd:am/, /ixd:amn/, /taxd:amt/, /tixdramin/
(ms, mp, fs, fp respectively for each set). Temporal and Modal
derivations and even native ablaut (seeVI.g.l) that apply to
V45 /zdm/ (Berber) apply to V44 /xdm/ (Arabic): e.g., /zdm Y /
! I collected wood f , /xdmy/ 'I worked 1 ; /urnzdim/ 'we did not
collect wood 1 and /urnxdim/ f we did not work 1 .
VI. 1.2 Derived Verb Stems
All augmented verb stems appearing in position a) in
*
*#
A number preceding a form (or a stem) refers to the place of
V (Basic Verb Stem) in the Verb Sample Appendix X
pp. 245-261
Meanings of V f s are glossed as infinitives without "to".
153
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
the Verb Sample Appendix are derived stems (Causative SV,
Reciprocal MV, Recipro-Causative MSV, and Passive TuV). To
support the statement made in VIJ.J. above about the conformity
of borrowed stems to native derivational patterns, the following
examples are here cited using derivatives of stems /fus /,/mm /
and /kmz/, /frs/:
V
yus
! be burnt 1 (Berber)
SV
syus
MSV
ms syus
?ura
'swim 1 (Arabic loan)
s?um
m: s^um
V
MV
TuV
kmz
1 scratch f (Berber )
m : kmaz
t:ukmz
frs
'attack 1 (Arabic loan)
m : fras
t:ufrs
VI. 2 verb Affixes
Verb affixes are either movable or fixed affixes.
VI. 2.1 Movable Affixes
A movable affix is one that is now pre-verbal, (i.e.
prefixed to the stem), now post-verbal (i.e. suffixed to the
stem). This section discusses two sets of affixes, the
Orientational Affixes and the Object Pronominal Affixes.
The Orientational Affixes are: /d/ denoting proximity,
and /n:/ denoting remoteness. Thus from 71 /d:u/ 'go 1 we
get: /i-d:a/ 'he went 1 , /i-d:a~4/ 'he came', /i-d:a-n:/
1
! he went there 1 . (?or Comparative Notes, see p P# 216-239)
154
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazlght The Verb
Included as movable affixes are object pronominal affixes.
The positions of /d/ and /n:/ as well as that of the object
pronominal affixes have been stated in III. 3 pp. 44-46
Pronominal Systems under the heading Pronominal Affixes
for Verbs and Prepositions ,
VI. 2. 2 Fixed Affixes
A fixed affix is either a prefix, a suffix, or a dis-
continuous morpheme.
a) Prefixes ;
1) Derived Stem Prefixes . This group is prefixed either
to a basic verb stem (V) to form a derived verb stem (SV, MV,
MSV, TuV) or to a derived verb stem to form its habitual
verb stem (SVH, MVH, MSVH, TuVH). VH, the habitual verb
stem of unaugmented V, is also derived by the realization
of T (see No. 5 below; also see VI.4,2)
These prefixes are here symbolized as
1. S - for causative derivation SV
2. M - for reciprocal derivation MV
3. MS - for recipro-causative derivation MSV
4. Tu - for passive derivation TuV
5. T - for habitual derivation HV, SVH, MVH, MSVH, TuVH
A rare but possible derivation is a TuSV derivation which is a
passive derived from a causative stem e.g. 33 /t:usfrh/.
155
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight The Verb
2) Temporal and Modal Affixes . This group of Tense and
Mode prefixes derives the future and present tenses and
their negative and interrogative modes as well as the modes
of the past tense.
(i) Temporal Prefixes , There are two temporal
prefixes (one for future tense and one for present tense
derivations) and an aspectual prefix that derives a
progressive or inchoative action.
Future Tense Prefix /ad-/ : This prefix
derives a future tense from V, SV, MV, MSV or TuV: e.g.
11 /mm/ ! swim f , /ad-^um-y / f I will swim 1 .
2
Present Tense Prefix /da-/ * /Is a-/ . This
prefix derives a present tense from VH, SVH, MVH, MSVH,
or TuVH: e.g., 11 /?um/ 'swim 1 /t:<?um/ VH, /da-t:*um-r /
/l:a-t:?um-Y / ! I swim*.
Progressive or Inchoative Action Prefix /ar-/ . ^
This prefix derives a progressive or inchoative action from
VH, SVH, MVH, MSVH or TuVH: e.g., 11 /mm/ ! swim f , /t:*um/
VH, /ar-t:?um-Y / f I started to swim, I began to swim ! .
(ii) Modal Prefixes . This section discusses
the derivation of the negative and/or interrogative modes
of the verb listing the prefixes used in such derivatives
with examples illustrating the generated structure.
156
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazlght
The Verb
Interrogative : /id:-/ occurs before the
temporal prefix /ad-/ to derive an interrogative future
construction: e.g., n /*um/ 'swim' /ad- ? um-Y/ 'I will swim 1 ,
/id:-ad-<?um-Y / 'Will I swim? 1
Interrogative : /is-/^ occurs before a V,
SV, MV, MSV, or TuV inflected for person -number-gender
to derive a past tense interrogative construction or before
/da-/ (see (i) above) to derive an interrogative present
construction: e.g., 11 /<?un/ T swim f /^um-y / 'I swam*
/is-<?um-Y / i(lid I swim? 1 /t: mm/ VH, /da-t:^um- y/ f I
swim 1 /is-da-t: ?um-y / f do I swim? 1
Negative : /ur-/ occurs before an affirmative
construction to derive a negative one': e.g. ll/^um /'swim*
/t:<?um/ VH, /?um-Y/ f I swam 1 , /ur-^umY/ f I did not swim 1
/da-t:<? uun -y/ f I swim 1 , /ur-da-t: ^um-y/ f I do not swim 1 .
Negative-Interrogative : A negative construction
derived by the prefix /ur-/ may be preceded by the in errogative
prefix /is-/ to derive a negative interrogative construction:
e*g*j Aum/ f swim f /ur-^um-y/ * did not swim *
/is-ur-?um-Y/ Didn ! t I swim?
/t:?um/ VH /ur-da-t:^um-Y/ ^ do not swim *
/is-ar-da-t:<?um-Y/ Don't I swim?
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
157
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
b) Suffixes
There are two sets of suffixes, both of which are
used f or Inperative Derivations.
Imperative Mode Derivational Suffixes : The suffixes
shown in Table 1 derive (second person) imperative constructions
whereas the suffixes in Table 2, derive hortatory (first
person) constructions. Notice that person-dual occurs only
in the hortatory construction in this dialect. The negative
imperative is derived by prefixation of /adur-/ to VH, SVH
or MVH and suf fixation of -PNG set shown in Table 1.
PNG
Imper. Suffix
PNG
1-
Imper. Suffix
2 s m
-fi
1dm
-ay
2 s f
-0
1 d f
-am
2pm
-at
1pm
-atay
2 p f
-nt
1 p f
-ntay
Table 1
Table 2
Second Person Imperative Hortatory Suffixes 7
Suffixes 7
c
) Person -Number -G<
snder
Affixes
There is only one set for the inflection for /-PNG-/ in
ALL TENSES in Tamazight (See Table 3.).
158
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
PNG
Inflectional Affix
1 s
... . . „. -V"
2 s
t
d
3 s
m
i
3 s
f
t
1 P
2 p
m
n
t
m
2 p
f
t
nt
3 P
3 P
m
f
n
nt
Table 3
Ayt Ayache /-PNG-/ Affixes 8
Another morpheme that should be mentioned here is the
Participle Morpheme /-n/. Since the realization of -PNG-
effects a change in the stem of certain verb classes in the
past tense, therefore the participle rule must be applied
after the realization of the features for P^N G„ and the
3 s m
Modal prefix to allow for the occurrence of the ablaut.
(See VI. 3.1)
The suffix /-n/ is common to the three participles:
Present, Past and Future participles
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
159
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight The Verb
(See also Tables 11-39
A. 3. ppo 220-237)
VI, 3 Classification of Verb Stems ^
This section discusses the grouping of unaugmented verb
stem into two types , four classes and nine sub-classes as is
done in the Sample Appendix.
The underlying structure of the verb stem in Tamazight
is ||ABCDj| . Here ||A|| represents the first radical, ||B||
represents the second radical and so forth. If ||b|U for
example, is a [+tense] radical (e.g., t:, d:, m:, etc.)*
it is referred to as |lB:|| and to the stem as ||AB:CD||; if
it. is a vowel, it is referred to as ||v|| and to the stem
as HavcdII.
The classification of Tamzzight verb stems is based
primarily on an ablaut that occurs in the past tense for
particular classes (see VI. 3.1) and secondarily on the
derivational processes of derived verb stems (Causative,
Reciprocal and Passive verb stems and their Habitual stems;
see VI. 4. The sub-classification is based on several
factors shown in VI. 3. 2.
Tamazight verb stems may then be classified into two
types: Ablaut ed and Non-Ablauted . The ablauted type is
characterized by having all its members with third radical
II ClI = HjZfll in their underlying structures whereas the
unablauted type does not have a lljZJil as third radical (See VI «
3.1) The general structure of the unablauted type is
160
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight The Verb
{
|AB(C)(D)|| whereas that of the ablauted type is ||(a)B(: )0(D) ||
In more detail the structure of the ablauted type is
IM :)0(D) 111 ^
ll0B(: )0(D)IIJ The Positing of a null radical f or || A ||
symbolized as ||o|| accounts for the structure of such ablauted
stems as 66 /g/ 'be, do', 68 /g:/ 'knead*, 69 /k:/ 'pass' and
57 /f:r/ 'hide' with the underlying structures /Og0/, /Og:0/,
/Ok:0/ and /Of :0r/ respectively.
VI. 3.1 The Different Ablauts
Ablaut occurs (for some verb classes) only in the
affirmative and/or negative past. The ablaut of the interrogative
past follows that of the affirmative past; the negative-
interrogative ablaut is the same as the negative past. For
this reason we will refer only to affirmative and negative
past and mark them as [ -Negative] and [ + Negative ] : e.g.,
70 /Is/ 'get dressed': /i-lsa/ 'he got dressed', /is-ilsa/
'did he get dressed?', /ur-i-lsi/ 'he did not get dressed 1 ,
/isur-ilsi/ 'didn't he get dressed?'.
The following discussion is meant to show the kinds
of ablauts that occur in Tamazight and the rules governing
their occurrence.
VI. 3. 1.1 Zero Ablaut /&/
We must distinguish between zero and no ablaut. The
l6l
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
latter is a characteristic of such verb stems as 1 - 25 in
the Appendix that do not have an underlying structure with
j|Cj| = \\0\\ . Zero ablaut, /0/> is characteristic of the others
(25 - 77 with Hell = II 011 ): e.g., 9 /sal/ 'ask 1 has no
ablaut as in /sal-y/ f I asked x , /ur-sal-y/ ! I did not ask 1 ;
whereas 70 /is/ (under lying form /lsjtf/) f get dressed 1 is
ablauted and thus gives: /lsi-r/ f I got dressed 1 and
/ur-lsi-y/ ! I did not get dressed 1 .
The following examples of verb stems, both in their
underlying and surface structures, show the occurrence of
/0/ as the Hell radical of certain sub-classes to which this
grammar refers as ablauted. Also included in the examples
are unablauted verb stems whose Hell radicals are not /0/.
Underlying Structure
ABCD
3
fa
6
sk:a
1
dawa
9
sal
18
x^ar
21
"hudr
•
33
fr0h
3k
f s : 0r
Surface Structure
fa ! yawn f
sk:a f doubt 1
dawa f cure !
sal ! ask f
xtar * choose*
hudr f bend, be low 1
frh f be happy 1
fs : r 'explain 1
162
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight The Verb
52
am0z
*7
Of : 0r
62
af0
63
as : 01c
64
ar0r
66
Og0
70
ls0
71
Od:0u
77
ir0i
amz
•
' take '
1 :r
f hid3»
af
•find'
assT:
*~0 3 lost'
rar
'return'
g
'be, do'
Is
'get dressed 1
d:U
'go'
iri
'want'
Thus the major distinction is whether the underlying
structure of the stem has its || c|| radical as ||0|| (e.g.,
26-77 in the Verb Appendix) or not (e.g., 1-25 in the Verb
Appendix). Based on this distinction, Tamazight verb stems
are classified into two types:
A - Unablauted (1-25 in Verb Appendix)
B - Ablauted (26-77 in Verb Appendix)
VI. 3. 1.2 [0:i/a] Ablaut
The most distinctive ablaut is the change of /0/
referred to in VT. 3.1.1 above to /i/ in the Past r >T „ . . ,
/ / [ -Negative]
for PiN s G m&f , P 2 N s G m&f and to /a/ in the Pas^ _ Negative]
for PNG other than these mentioned here.
Using this feature, the Ablauted Type (26-77) is
classified into two classes:
163
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
- Ift'.l/i
i] +
/frjZfh/
/af/
/fs:0v/
/as: ,0k/
/an$z/
/ar$r/
/Of:j6r/
/lS/Zl/
/Od:jZfu/
/1T01/
1-0:0] and [jZf:i/a] Classes of Ablauted
Verb Stems
Examples of [0:i/a] Ablaut: (For complete conjugations of ablauted
and unablauted verb stems, see Tables 4,5* and 6)
70 /is/ (< /lsjtf/)
lsiy ! I got dressed 1
tlsid 'you (s) got dressed 1
ilsa 'he got dressed 1
tlsa 'she got dressed 1
Examples of [- 0:l/a] (which will be referred to as
[0:0], i.e. zero: null ablaut):
33 frh (< frfth)
frhy f I was happy f
tfrhd 'you were happy 1
ifrh 'he was happy 1
tfrh ! she was happy 1
164
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight The Verb
VI. 3-1. 3 Predictable Ablauts
Two other predictable ablauts are: [0:1] ablaut and
[a:u] ablaut.
VI.3.1.3-a [0:1] Ablaut
This is a change of /0/ to /!/ in the past for all
PNG. This is, of course, a general ablaut since it occurs
with all ablauted stems: e.g., 70 /Is/ (</ls0/): /IsiY/
'I got dressed', /urlsiy/ 'I did not get dressed 1 , /ilsa/
'he got dressed', /ur-ilsi/ ! he did not get dressed' ;
33 Arh/: /frhy/ 'I was happy', /urfrihy/ 'I was not
happy', /ifrh/ 'he was happy', /urifrih./ 'he was not happy'
VI. 3.1. 3-b Ca:u] Ablaut
This is a change of /a/ to /u/ (for ablauted stems).
Thus any stem with IIaII = /a/ and llcll = /0/ undergoes this
change of /a/ > /u/ in the Past [±Neg]. This accounts
for the fact that such stems as 12 /an: ay/ 'see' and 13
/azum/ 'fast* are classified as unablauted since their ||c||
is not /0/ : e.g., 62 /af/ ( /afjZJ/) 'find': /ufiy/ 'I
found', /urufiy/ 'I didn't find', /yufa/ 'he found',
/uryufi/ 'he did not find'.
VI. 3.1.4 Metathesis
The role of metathesis is important in stating the
l65
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight The Verb
structure of certain sub-classes of verbs in Tamazight .
A look at 9 /sal/ ! ask ! and 64 /rar/ 'return 1 shows that
they have identical surface structures. However, their
underlying structures are different: 9 /sal/ has /sal/
as underlying structure whereas the underlying struc ure
of 64 /rar/ is /arj#r/.
A verb base (i.e. the underlying structure of the verb
stem) may be marked for [^Metathesis] which affects its
||AB|| and/or ||jZfo|| radicals: e.g., /arjtfr/ ►/rarjZ)/;
/as :0k/ */as:k0/; or its ||BftjZf|| radicals: e.g.,
/gr#/~ */gj#r/. Stems marked for double metathesis
(i.e. the /arjtfr/ >/rar#/structure) are rare in this
dialect. Lexicons and dictionaries of Tamazight list three
to five verbs with this particular structure. Stems of the
/as:j#k/- */as:k#/ and the /grj#/- >/&0r/ structures are
rare also.
VI . 3 • 1 • 5 Predictable Changes in the Sub-class /d:u/ - /lri/
This sub-class is characterized by having ||D|| = || VjJ
where llvll is either /u/ or /i/ but not /a/. A predictable
change occurs with the realization of person-number-gender
in the Past N e rr a ti V e] to the meml3ers of this sub-class whose
structure (whether /bdu/, /d:u/, /?d:u/, or /iri/). This
is II (A)BjZMI > II (A)Bd/ V =[i J .
166
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight The Verb
In addition another rule that is necessary for any stem
with ||A|| = /#i-/ whether ablauted or not (e.e. 77 or 15)
is one that deletes initial /#i-/ before the realization
of /-PNG-/ in the P as f ±Nega tive] * Tt wil1 thus °P erate
on unablauted 15 /izil/ 'be nice' as well as on ablauted
77 /iri/ 'want' .
Examples of the above-mentioned changes are:
/smu/ (< /sra0u/) 'smoke': /smiy/ 'I smoked', /ursmiy/ 'I
did not smoke 1 , /isma/ 'he smoked', /urismi/ 'he did not
smoke' and 77 /iri/ (< /irjzfi/) 'want': /riy/ 'I wanted',
/ur:ir/ 'I did not want', /ira/ "he wanted/, /uriri/ "he
did not want'. (See full paradigms in Tables 5 and 6.)
VI. 3. 2 Classes and Sub-classes of the Two Types of Tamazight
Verb Stems
This section discusses the bases of the classification
of Tamazight verb stems into two types, four classes, and
nine sub-classes.
VI. 3. 2.1 Ablauted and Unablauted Types
Based on the occurrence or non-occurrence of a || \\
as the || C|| radical of their underlying structures, Tamazight
verb stems are classified into two types:
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
A Ablaut ed
B Unablauted
(with ||c|| = \\0\\ in the
underlying structure)
(with no || 0\\ in the
underlying structure)
This information is shown here in the following figure:
- [Hell = II j*ll ]
A Unablauted
||AB(C)(D)||
1-25
B Ablauted
||(A)B(:)0(D)||
26 - 77
Ablauted and Unablauted Types of Tamazight Verb Stems
VI. 3. 2. 2 Classes of the Ablauted Type
Based on the change [^ri/a] referred to in VT.3»1«2
ablauted stems (26-77) are classified into two classes:
B-i and B-ii. B-i (26-61) is referred to as [-0:i/a]
(or [0:0] ); B-ii (62-77) is referred to as [+0:i/a]. This
is illustrated in the following figure:
- [0:i/a] +
B-i
l|AB(:)/Zto||
l|aBjZto||
l|GB:0D||
B-ii
|a B - 0(D)||
[±Met] [±Met]
ll(A)B(:) j6\\
[+Met]
)
y
||A(:)B( :)*{£} ||
J
Classes of the Ablauted Type
168
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight The Verb
VI . 3 * 2 • 3 Classes of the Unablauted Type
The members of the unablauted type do not undergo any
change with the realization of person-number-gender in the
past. However, classification into two classes: A-i and
A-ii is necessary for the statement of particular derivations*
All members of the unablauted type are characterized by a
structure that does not have || c|| as \\0\\ and that necessarily
has ||V|| as either radical ||b||, II ell or IIdII . The position of
|| V|| is the basis of the classification of unablauted stems
into A-i and .A-ii. All members of the A-ii class have the
structure (JavCd|| (referred to as /hadr, d:irz, hudr/).
Based on whether the stem has IIbII = llvll followed by
||CD||, the two classes of the unablauted type are shown in
the following figure:
II A (B)(C)all
A-i / || AVC||
A-ii II A VCD I
ABVD||
Classes of the Unablauted Type
VI. 3.2.4 Sub-classification of Tamazight Verb Stems
This section groups together the information stated
in VI. 3* 2.1 to VI, 3.2, 3 above showing types A and
169
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
their four classes: A-i, A-ii and B-i, B-ii, their nine
sub-classes: A-i (1-3), B-i (1-3) and B-ii (1-3) as well
as the bases of this classification.
A-i
A ||AB(C)(D)||
1-25
- [||AVCD||] +
l!!A(B)(C)a
2|!AVCJ!
3||ABVD||
B ]|(A)B(:)/Zto||
26-77
- [ 0:i/a] +
A -BllAVCDl
B-i
iI!ab(:)0d||
2|jaB0D|! B-ii
3||0B:JZfo||
l||aB-0(D)||
[+Met ] [+Met ]
2 (f(A)B(T) 0\\
[-met ]
3 ||(A(:))B(7)j*{$
Sub-Classes of Tamazight Verb Stems
VI. 3. 3 Illustrative Examples of Conjugation of Verbs Representing
the Various Sub-Classes of Tamazight Verb Stems
In this section fourteen verb stems representing the
various structures of the sub-classes of verb stems discussed
above are used to exemplify the Surface Structure (SS) forms
resulting from the realization of person-number-gender (PNG)
in the Pas f +Nega tive] • Some verDS are inflected for all
persons -numbers- and genders. Ohters with the same structure
and/or belonging to the same category of ablaut are inflected
only for P-jNg and P 3 N s G f . All forms in Tables 4,5, and 6
appear in their surface structure (SS), i.e. after the
170
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazlght
The Verb
operation of the morphophonemic rules. Meanings are only
listed for the Affirmative Past.
PNG
Stem
Affirmative Past
Negative Past
dawa
'cure 1
Is
da way
f I cured 1
urdaway
2s
tdawad
'you cured'
urtdawad
3sm
idawa
'he cured 1
uridawa
3sf
tdawa
1 she cured '
urtdawa
IP
ndawa
f we cured 1
urndawa
2pm
tdawam
'you cured'
urtdawam
2pf
tdawant
'you cured'
urtdawant
3pm
dawan
'they cured 1
urdawan
3pf
da want
? they cured J
ur da want
sal
■ask 1
Is
salY
'I asked 1
ursaly
3sf
tsal
'she asked 1
urtsal
xtar
'choose 1
Is
xfcary
! I chose 1
urx^ary
3sf
txtar
•
'she chose 1
urtxtar
•
hadr
'be
present 1
Is
hadry
1 1 was
present'
urhadry
3sf
thadr
' she was
urthadr
present 1
TABLE 4 - Person-Number-Gender Paradigms for Unablauted Stems
171
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Taraazight
The Verb
PNG
Stem
Affirmative Past
Negative Past
Is
2s
3sm
3sf
IP
2pm
2pf
3pm
3pf
frh
be
happy '
frhy
tfrhd
ifrh
tfrh
•
nfrh
tfrhm
tfrhnt
frljn
frhnt
'I was happy 1
! you were happy 1
f he was happy 1
'she was happy 1
f we were happy 1
f you were happy 1
'you were happy'
'they were happy 1
'they were happy 1
urfrihy
urtfriljd
urifrih
urtfrih
urnfrilj
urtfriljm
urtfrihnt
urfrilpn
urfrihnt
Is
3sf
fs:r 'explain 1
fs:ry
tfs:r
'I explained'
'she explained'
urf s : iry
urtf s : ir
Is
2s
3sm
3sf
IP
2pm
2pf
3pm
3pf
amz
take'
umzy
tumzd
yum?
tumz
numz
tumzm
tum^nt
umzn
umznt
'I took'
'you took'
'he took'
'she took'
'we took'
'you took'
'you took'
' they took'
'they took'
urumi^Y
urtumizd
uryumiz
urtumiz
urnumiz
urtumizm
urtumiznt
urumizn
urumiznt
Is
3sf
f:r
hide '
f :ry
tf:r
'I hid'
'she his '
urf :iry
urtf :ir
TABLE 5 - Pers on -Number -Gender Paradigms for [0:0] Ablauted Stems
172
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
PNG
Stem
Affirmative Past
Negative Past
af
' find ■
Is
2s
ufi r
tufid
f I found 1
f you found 1
urufir
urtufid
3sm
yufa
■he found 1
uryufi
3sf
tufa
'she found 1
urtufi
IP
nufa
'we found'
urnufi
2pm
tufam
'you found 1
urtufim
2pf
tufant
f you found 1
urtufint
3pm
ufan
f they found'
urufin
3pf
ufant
1 they found '
urufint
as:k
'be lost 1
Is
u§ : kiy
'I was lost 1
urus : kiY
3sf
tus : ka
f she was lost'
urtus : ki
rar
' r eturn f
Is
ruriy
'I returned 1
ur:uriY
3sf
trura
1 she returned '
urtruri
Is
get dressed 1
Is
lsi Y
'I got dressed'
urlsiY
2s
tlsid
'you got dressed
1 urtslid
3sm
ilsa
? he got dressed*
urilsi
3sf
tlsa
1 she got dressed
1 urtlsi
lp
nlsa
'we got dressed'
urnlsi
2pm
tlsam
'you got dressed
' urtlsim
2pf
tlsant
'you got dressed
' urtlsint
3pm
lsan
'they got dressed 1 urlsin
3pf
lsant
'thev got dressed ' lirlslnt.
bdu
'begin 1
Is
bdir
'I began'
urbdiY
2s
tbdid
'you began'
urtbdid
3sm
ibda
'he began 1
uribdi
3sf
tbda
' she began '
urtbdi
lp
nbda
'we began'
urnbdi
2pm
tbdam
'you began'
urtbdim
2pf
tbdant
'you began'
urtbdint
3pm
bdan
'they began'
urbdin
3pf
bdant
'they fyega^'
urbdint
iri
1 want '
Is
riy
'I wanted'
ur:iY
2s
trid
'you wanted'
urtrid
3sm
ira
'he wanted'
uriri
3sf
tra
'she wanted'
urtri
lp
nra
'we wanted'
urnri
2pm
tram
'you wanted'
urtrim
2pf
trant
'you wanted 1
urtrint
3pm
ran
'they wanted'
ur :in
3pf
rant
'thev wanted 1
ur:lnt
TABLE 6 - Person-Number-Gender Paradigms for [0:i/a]Ablauted Stems
173
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight The Verb
VI. 4 Derivational Processes
VI. 4.1 Introduction
Derivations are of two kinds: Stem Derivations and
Temporal/Modal Derivations. Derived Stems are either
Verb Stems or Noun Stems. The Derived Verb Stems include the
Causative SV, the Reciprocal MV, the Recipro-Causative MSV,
and the Passive TuV as well as their Habitual Stems (SVH,
MVH,MSVH,TuVH respectively) and the habitual VH of the
unaugmented Verb Stem V. Derived Noun Stems include the stems of
such nouns as the ones appearing in postiions c), d) and
e) in the Sample Appendix (Noun of Action, Agent, Instrument,
Place or Occupation also see the Grammar of the Noun.) The
following are the main Temporal and Modal derivations of the
unaugmented verb stem V and its habitual stem VH: Aorist
(Aor.), Affirmative Past (Aff. Past), Negative Past (Neg. Past),
Interrogative Past (Interr. Past), Negative-Interrogative
Past (Neg-Interr. Past), Affirmative Future (Aff. Fut.),
Negative Future (Neg. Fut.), Interrogative Future (interr.
Fut.), Affirmative Present (Aff. Pres.), Negative Present
(Neg. Pres.), Interrogative Present (Interr, Pres.), Negative-
Interrogative Present (Neg-Interr. Pres.), Imperative (Imp.),
Negative Imperative (Neg. Imp.), Past Participle (Past Part.),
Present Participle (Pres. Part.), and Future Participle
(Fut. Part.). Most of the above-mentioned temporal and
174
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight The Verb
modal structures generated from V and its VH may also
be generated from SV, MV, MSV and their habitual stems
SVH, MVH, and MSVH. Fewer structures are generated from
TuV and its habitual stem TuVH.
The purpose of this chapter is to characterize how a
native speaker of Tamazight can generate all the forms referred
to here. This is represented in a series of discussions •
Section VI. 4. 2 discusses the derivation of VH i.e.
the habitual of the unaugmented stem . Sections VI. 4. 3
VI. 4. 4 and VI. 4. 5 discuss the derivations of the Causative,
Reciprocal and Passive stems respectively. The discussion
of the derivation of the habitual of a particular derived
stem is included with it in the same section: e.g. Section
VL.4. discusses SV and SVH derivations. Section VI t 4 .6 i s
an informal discussion of derived noun stems and nouns.
Section VL4.7 shows the derivations of the different
tenses and their modes as well as the participles with
examples shown in Tables 7-29. Rules are formulated for each
temporal and modal derivation and a summary of the rules
appears in VI. 4. 7. 8.
Throughout Section VL4 DSR refers to a deep structure
rule which generates a form with its morpheme boundary /-/
whereas SSR refers to a surface structure rule that deletes
/-/ and realizes other changes stated for the generated
structure. SSR's of a particular derivation follow DSR's
175
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazlght The Verb
of the same derivation except for general SSR's which are
grouped in Section VI. 5*
VI. 4 • 2 Derivation of the Habitual VH of the Unaugmented Stem
VH is the stem used in the derivation of the present
tense with its different modes, the progressive and inchoative
actions, the negative and the energetic imperatives, and the
present and future participles. The VH is derived from
unaugmented V; theoretically each V has a VH.
Prefix /t:-/ is used to derive the habitual stem of any
V of typeA-i (1-73) /t: aV-/ derives habitual stems
from V f s of the typeA-ii. (74-115). /-aV-/~ is an alpha
rule that adds a vowel that is identical to the stem vowel
(see examples forA-ii below).
Examples
VH
t:fa
t:sal
t:?um
t : zwiY
Numerals refer to number of verb stem in Verb List at the
end of this chapter. (PP. 262-282)
For a more elaborate description of the habitual derivational
processes see Abdel-Massih, Ernest, Tamazight Verb Structure :
A Generative Approach. Indiana University; Bloomington, Indiana,
1971 .
176
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
V
A-i
3
fa
'yawn'
37
sal
•ask*
46
<?um
1 swim '
72
zwiY
'be red
Reference Grammar Tamazight The Verb
A-ii 77 hadr 'be present' t:hadar
74 d:irz 'step back' t:diriz
83 hudr 'bend' t:hudur
B.i.l To derive the habitual of V of type B.i.l . (116-315)
observe the following:
a) All verbs of the /fs:r/ (||AB:0E|| ) sub-group derive
their habitual stems by prefix /t:-/ and || || — ►/-a-/, i.e.
162 fs:r 'to explain' » t:fs:ar (vh)
b) All V's marked native (i.e. not Arabic) derive their
VH's thus: ||3| ►||b:|| e.g.
225 rzm 'to open' $ rz:m (VH)
c) V's marked 'Arabic loan' derive their VH's by
prefix /t:-/ and ||-0-|| ►/a-/ if ||B|| is not /r/ nor
/d, t, s, z, s, or z/, e.g.
126 b?d 'be far' » t:brad (VH)
144 fhm 'understand 1 i- t:fham (vh)
d) If ||b|| is /r/ we may get VH's as variants of both
forms mentioned in b) and c) above, e.g.
149 frh 'be happy' > fr:h
t:frah (VH)
e) If IIbII is /d, t, s, z, s or z/ VH is formed as in
b) above.
271 xdm 'work ± xd:m (VH)
B.i.2 To derive VH's of B.i.2 (316-337) and B.i.3 (338-
360) the prefix /t:-/ is used: e.g.,
177
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight The Verb
325 amz 'take' *. t:amz (VH)
340 f:r 'hide' • > t:f:r (VH)
/t: a#/ is the derivational affix of members of
B.ii.l (361-370), e.g.
362 af -find" > t:afa (VH)
361 adz" 'let' — > t:adza (VH)
369 rar 'return, give trrara (VH)
back'
As for B.ii.2- (371-397), A : a #/ derives a VH of
the structures /Og0/ »■ g, bd:0 — *bd: whereas ls$ vis
derives the VH as Is: a and g$r ► grj# *. gr derives the
VH as g:ar. This means that /0/ >/a/ and the radical
preceding /0/, ► [+tense], e.g.
V VH
377 g: 'knead' t:g:a
371 bd: 'stand up' t:bd:a
388 Is 'get dressed' Is: a
376 gr 'throw away' g:ar
B.ii.3 (398-450) derive their VH's mainly by the
prefix /t:-/. Stems with ||b|| as /n/ derive their VH's by
||b|| *»I|B:|| . Stems with ||B||as /m/ derive their VH's by
variants of both processes mentioned above, e.g.
401 d?u 'pray for' y t:dm (VH)
400 bnu 'build' . ^ bn:u (VH)
412 hmu 'be hot weather !_. jthmu L
-Jim:
178
«r;'ui( VH )
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight The Verb
VI. 4. 3 Causative Stem Derivation
The Verb Appendix shows, where the semantic features of
V permit, two causative stems appearing in positions a) and
b). The stem in position a) is referred to as SV; i.e.
causative stem and the one in position b) is referred to as
SVH, i.e. habitual of the causative stem. SV is used for
past and future tense derivations, for imperative and past
participle derivations. SVH is used for present tense, negative
imperative and present and future participle derivations.
In general SV corresponds to V (in derivational power) whereas
SVH corresponds to VH.
SV is derived from V by the causative prefix T/s-/ ? .
|/s:-/J
SVH is derived from SV by an infix (/-V-/)* e.g.
3
83
173
426
V
SV
SVH
fa
'yawn'
sfa
sfa
hudr
•
•bend'
shudr
shudur
•
hml
'flood'
s:hml
s:hmal
sfu
•
'be clean
i'
s:fu
s:fu
Reciprocal Verb
Stem
Derivation
The Verb Appendix shows, where the semantic features
of V permit, two reciprocal stems in positions a) and b).
The stem in position a) is referred to as MV, i.e. Reciprocal
Verb Stem; whereas the stem- in position b) is referred to as
179
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight The Verb
MVH, i.e. habitual of the reciprocal stem. Stems with
reciprocal and causative connotation (Recipro-Causative)
appear partly in the Causative and partly in the Reciprocal
columns and are referred to as: a) MSV, b) MSVH. This section
states the derivation of Recip. and Recipro-Caus . stems.
This is done because some V's derive Recipro-Causative stems
in spite of the fact that the semantic features of V do not
permit the derivation of a causative stem. Such cases are
not numerous; e.g. 383 /hf/ 'kill 1 does not derive a causative,
however, it derives recipro-causative: MSV /msnya/ and MSVH
/trmsnya/. Some V's derive variants, i.e. reciprocals and
recipro-causatives: e.g.
V SV SV MV
^7 bd:l 'change' sbd:l mbd:al
sbdral t:mbd:al
msbdtal
t:msbd:al
where the MV means 'to exchange or change with one another'
and the MSV means 'to cause one another to exchange. MV and
MVH correspond to V as far as Temporal and Modal derivations
are concerned, whereas MVH and MSVH correspond to VH.
MV is derived from V by the reciprocal prefix
{#/} '
For a more elaborate description of the phonological rules
governing the shape of the causative and /or reciprocal prefix,
see Abdel-Massih, Ernest, Tamazight Verb Structure : A Generative
Approach, Indiana University: Bloomington, Indiana, 1971.
180
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazlght
The Verb
MSV is derived by prefixing f/-ms-/ 1 to V.
?/-m:s-/J
A vowel
infix is added if the stem has a consonant cluster as its
final two radicals. MVH and MSVH are derived from MV and MSV
respectively by prefix /t:-/: e.g.
V MV/MSV MVH/MSVH
37
sal
'ask !
m:sal
t:msal
46
cum
! swim f
m:s?um
t:m:s?um
95
talb
•
! demand l
mtalab
*
t: mtalab
144
fhm
1 understand'
msfham
t: msfham
VI. 4. 5
passive Verb
Stem
Derivation
The Verb Appendix shows two passives: TuV, i.e. passive
stem appearing in position a) and TuVH, i.e. the habitual of
the passive stem appearing in position b). TuV is derived
from V. Stems 149 and 152 in Appendix derive their passives
(TuSV) from SV
TuV is the stem that derives past and future tenses
and their modes; TuVH is the stem that derives the present
tense and its modes. The derivation of TuV from V (most
common passive) or SV (very rare passive) is achieved by the
passive derivational prefix /t:u-/ and the derivation of TuVH
from TuV by an optional infix (/-V-/) > e.g.
For a more elaborate description see Abdel-Massih, Ernest ,
op . cit .
181
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Refe
rence
Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
V
TuV
TuVH
11
hn:a
*
'pity 1
t : uhn : a
t : uhn : a
37
sal
f ask !
t:usal
t:usal
88
sa?d
'help'
t:usa?d
t : usa ?ad
116
bdr
1 mention*
t : ubdr
t : ubdar
VI. 4. 6 Derived Noun Stems and Nouns
VI. 4. 6.1 Introduction
It was stated before that noun stems would be discussed
though not fully. This section attempts to show the relation
between nouns of action, of agent and other derived nouns and
their Vs in terms of derivations. The statements are very simple.
For more elaborate discussion see the Grammar of the Noun
VI. h. 6. 2 Noun Stem Derivation
Most noun stems are derived from Vs; however, few
nouns of action may be derived from SV, MV or MSV. Many
noun stems are identical with their Vs (SVs, MVs or
MSVs): e.g.
V
84 kasf 'foretell'
V
7 hn:a 'be peaceful'
N-act.
a- kasf -
SV
shn:a
N-agt (m, s)
am- kasf -
N-act
a-shn:a-
Throughout this section, Noun Stems will be underlined.
182
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight The Verb
V MV N-act
8l hasb 'count' mhasab a- mhasab -
In many cases the stem of the noun of action is derived
from V by change of ||j0|| to /-a-/ and the noun of agent stem
is derived from that of N-act by change of ||B|| HI 5 *!!
([-tense]- >.[+tense]). This is characteristic of stems
with underlying structure ||AB,0D|| : e.g.
V N-act N-agt (rtijs)
167 hdm 'demolish' a- hdam - a- hd:am -
Most V s s with underlying structures liABrjZfoll derive
their N-agt stems by change of ||0|| — *-/&-/. This particular
sub-class has (in most cases) identical V's and N-act stems: e.g.
V N-act N-agt (m,s)
123 bs:r 'give good news' a- bs:r - a- bs:ar -
The sub-class of verb stems with the underlying structure
IIOB:jZfoll derives its N-act stems by change \\0\\ »-/-u-/ and
of IIb:I! JbII ([+tense] >[ -tense]). This is characteristic
of the sub-class with ||A|| = ||0|| (||0|| — »/u-/), e.g.
V N-act
338 b:y 'cut' u-buy-
341 fry "go out' u- fuy -
The sub-class of verb stems with the underlying structure
llABjflll derives stems of N-act and N-agt by change of ||0|| — >-|| V|| .
I83
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tama sight
The Verb
This sub-class of verbs is characterized by deriving most of
its N-acts by the affix /m t/. If ||vj| is /-i-/ then
it */-iw-/.
V N-act
'tend sheep 1 ta- ks:a -
T dress 1
379 ks
380 Is
381 ns
383 ry
385 sy
392 zd
N-agt (m, s)
am-ksa-
m- lsiw -t
'spend the night 1 m-nsiw-t
'warm oneself m- ryiw -t
' buy f m-sYiw-t
'weave' m- z<jilw t
am-z^a-
The sub-class of verbs with the underlying structure
Hab6vII shows a number of N-act and N-agt which (together with
their stems) are derived from V on the pattern of a corresponding
Arabic noun. Mention should be made of the fact that when a
noun is derived (whether of this sub-class or any other sub-
class) on an Arabic noun pattern, the shape of the Berber noun
is not easily predictable. Examples given below show noun stems
derived from the different classes of V stems that follow an
Arabic pattern:
V N-act
1- fosab -
t : alab ( 1- talab - )
r:£a ( 1- rza -)
s:aht ( 1-saht-)
81 hasb 'count'
95 talb 'demand'
422 r£u ' hope •
427 shu 'be healthy
184
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight The Verb
440 *fu ! forgive 1 l-?fu-
265 wq:r 'respect 1 l- uq:r -
V N-agt (m,s)
400 bnu 'build 1 a-bnjay-
179 hsm 'govern 1 l- hak:m -
264 wk:l 'appoint as 1- usil -
representative '
185
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight The Verb
VI. 4. 7 Temporal and Modal Derivation
VI. 4. 7*1 Introduction
This section discusses the derivation of the different
tenses and modes of the verb in Tamazight, The discussion
includes the following derivations from unaugmented V:
the imperative, the Aorist, the past tense with its different
modes: affirmative, interrogative, negative and negative-
interrogative; the future tense with its two modes:
affirmative and interrogative - "Will 11 type as well as
the derivation of the past participle and a variant of the
future participle. Prom VH the following derivations are
discussed: energetic imperative, negative imperative,
interrogative future - Q type, negative future, the
present tense with its different modes: affirmative,
interrogative, negative and negative-interrogative, as
well as the present and future participles.
The derivations referred to above are all achieved by
using V and VH. Moreover, SV, MV or MSV can generate most
of the structures that a V does and SVH, MVH or MSVH can
generate most of the structures that a VH does. Fewer
structures are generated from the passive stem TuV and
its habitual TuVH.
186
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight The Verb
VI. 4. 7. 2 Derivation of Imperative Structures
Tamazight has different imperative structures that
will be referred to as 2-a, 2-b and 1-a, 1-b, 1-c.
Structures 2-a and 2-b are second person imperatives where
2-b is the negative imperative. 1-a, 1-b and 1-c are
hortatory or cohortative constructions expressing an
exhortation or suggestion for first person. The negative
imperative and the energetic imperative are derived from
VH. The other imperative structures are derived from V.
/-PNG/ of the imperatives are all suffixes (see Tables 1 and 2)
Imperative 2-a is derived simply by affixation of
/-PNG/ (suffixes) shown in Table 1 to either V to
derive second person imperative or to VH to derive the
energetic imperative which for /<?um/ 'swim' may be
translated as either 'get in the habit of swimming' or
•do swim 1 . Imperative 2-b is derived by prefixation of the
negative imperative derivational prefix /adur-/
to VH and the realization of imperative /-PNGV suffixes
referred to above. Imperative 1-a is derived by the
suf fixation of /-PNG-]/ set shown in Table 2. Imperatives
1-b and 1-c differ from 1-a both in meaning and in structure.
All the three structures mean ' let us . . . ' , except that 1-b
and 1-c have the added feature [+movement]. The difference
This study refers to the suffixed PNG of the imperative as
/-PNG/ or /-PNG{i)/ where /-PNG 2 / means second person suffixes
and /-PNGi/ is hortatory suffixes. It will also refer to the
affixed PNG of the different tenses as /-PNG-/.
187
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazig ht The Verb
in structure lies in the fact that /-PNG-j/ are added to
the V to derive 1-a, whereas in deriving 1-b they are
added to the V /k:r/ 'get up 1 and in 1-c /-PNG / are
added to /yal:ah/ a particle meaning l let us 1 .
/k:r/ + /-PNG]/^
/yal:ah/ + /-PNG;!/
r
are both followed by the
desired V + /-PNG-/ + future prefix /ad-/: e.g. /? urn-ay /
! let us (both) swim 1 , /k:r-a ad-n-?um/ 'let us (both) go and
swim' [ /ad-n-?um/ (DS) >/an-< h um/ (SS)]. Another
structural difference is that 1-a does not distinguish
between G and G f in P d whereas 1-b and 1-c do.
Imperative structures with the movable affixes /-d-/
of proximity, /-n:-/ of remoteness and the pronominal
affixes occur with the affix post-Imperative XT
[-Negative]
and in the order: Imperr t - -i+ (i.Obj.) + (D.Obj.) +
(orientational affix) or pre-Imperative r . and in
v ' [^-Negative]
the order: Neg, Imper. Prefix + (i.Obj.) + (D.Obj.) +
(orientational affix) + Imperative.
Causative and Reciprocal Imperatives are derived in the
same way the imperatives of a V and its VH are derived;
Causative and reciprocal imperative structures with the
movable affixes are also derived in the same way referred
to in the previous paragraph. Not all imperative constructions
with the movable affixes occur with the derived verb
stems (Caus. and Recip.).
188
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
Rules for the Generation of the Different Imperative
Structures (from V and VH)
Imper-DSR-L Imperative ► V + /-PNGV
Imper-DSR 2
Imper-DSRo
Imper-DSR^
Imper-DSR C
Energetic Imper. > VH + /-PNGV
Negative Imper. ->./adur-/ + VH + /-PNGp/
Hortatory ► V + /-PNGp/
Hortatory +Movement] ►
f/k:r/ 1
/yal:ah/J
+/-Vm 1 /+/3id-/+/-? 1 lf -/+V
Imper-DSRg
Movable Affix
fV + /-PNG^+Cl.Obj.) + (D.Obj.) + (Orient .Aff. )(
/adur-/+(l.Ob l J. )+(D.Obj. )+(Orient.Aff . )+
VH + /-PNGg/
Note on Imper-DSR^ : This rule states the position of the
movable affixes in relation to the imperative. (This is
true of all rules concerning Movable Affixes in the following
sections. )
Examples of Imperative structures generated by the above
rules are shown in Tables 7-13 in their (SS) form.
189
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
2-a
2-b
PNG
Imperative
Energetic Imperative
Negative Imperative
2smf
mm
t: mm
adurt ; mm
2pm
?umat
t : ?umat
adurt : ?umat
2pf
mmnt
t: *umnt
adurt :?u rant
TABLE 7 - Imperatives 2-a and 2-b of /mm/ (SS)
Hortatory
[^Movement ]
PNG
1-a
1-b
1-c
1dm
?umaY
k:raY an?um
yal:ahaY an^um
ldf
^uraaY
k:ram an^um
yal:aham an?um
1pm
?umataY
kxrataY an^um
yal:ahataY an^um
Ipf
<?umntaY
k:rntaY an^um
yal:ahntaY anmm
TABLE 8 - Imperatives 1-a, 1-b, and 1-c of /mm/ (SS)
2-a
2-b
PNG
Imperative
Energetic Imperative
Negative Imperative
2smf
2pm
2pf
awid
awyad:
awind:
t s awid
t : awyad :
t: awind:
adurt ; awy
adurt :awyat
adurdt:awint
TABLE 9 - Imperatives 2-a and 2-b /awy/ in combination
with the proximity affix /-d-/ (SS)
190
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
2 -a
2-b
PNG
Imperative
Energetic Imperative
Negative Impera
ti
2smf
shudr
shudur
•
adur shudur
•
2pm
shu drat
shudur at
»
adur shu durat
2pf
shu dm t
•
sljudurnt
adurshudurnt
TABLE 10 - Imperatives 2-a and 2-b of /shudr/, causative
of /hudr/ (SS)
Hortatory
Hortatory
[^Movement]
PNG
1-a
1-b
1-c
1dm
shu dray
k:ray an shudr
yal s ahay an shudr
Idf
shu dray
k ; ram an shudr
yal : aham an shudr
1pm
shu drat ay
k:ratay an shudr
yal:ahatay an shudr
Ipf
sljudrntay
k:rntay an shudr
yal:ahntay an shudr
TABLE 11 - Imperatives 1-a, 1-b, 1-c of /shudr/, causative
of /hudr/ (SS)
2-a
2-b
PNG
Imperative
Energetic Imperative
Negative Imperative
2smf
2pm
2pf
m^awan
m?awanat
m^awannt
t:m?awan
t:m?awanat
t:m?awannt
adurt:m*awan
adurt ; m?awanat
adur t : m* awann t
TABLE 12 - Imperatives 2-a and 2-b of /m?awn/, reciprocal of
/<?awn/ (SS)
191
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
Hortatory
Hortatory [+Movement j
PNG
1-a
1-b
1-c
1dm
m^awanay
k : ray anm^awan
yal:ahav anm^aY/an
Idf
m^awanay
k:ram anm^awan
yal:a]iam anm?awan
•
1pm
m^awanatay
k:ratay anm^awan
yaltaJiatay anm^awan
Ipf
m^awanntay
k;rntay anm?awan
3ral:£thntaY anm^awan
TABLE 13 - Imperatives 1-a, 1-b, 1-c of /m?awan/, reciprocal
of /?awn/ (SS)
VI. 4. 7-3 Derivation of the Past Tense and Its Different Modes
The past tense is derived from V by the realization of
/-PNG-/ shown in Table 3- As stated before, /-PNG-/af fixes
are the same no matter what the temporal (past, present,
future) structure is* Its different modes are derived by
the modal prefixes discussed in VI .2.2 above. The realization
of /-PNG-/ in the past effects a change in the verb stem of
certain classes. This was discussed in VX3and was referred
to as ablaut (Abl) and to the stems as ablauted stems.
Rules for the Derivation of the Different Modes of the
Past Tense: (from V)
Past-DSP^
Past-DSR2
Affirm. Past —> V + /-PNG-/ + (Abl)
Interrog. Past —> /is-/ + Affirm. Past
192
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
Past-DSR.
Past-DSR.
Past-DSR r
Neg. Past */ur- / + V + /-PNG-/ + (Abl)
Neg-Interrog. past — >/is-/ + Neg. Past
Movable Affix »
Post-Verbal / Affirm. Past_
">
Pre-Verbal / Non -Affirm. Past,
Examples of the products of the above rules are shown
in Tables 14-17. All forms have as subject /~^-^ s 0t m -/
(prefix /!-/)• Blank boxes indicate that the form does
not occur.
Examples of Past Tense Structures
Past
Past,
Prox. Affix
Past, I.Obj.,
Prox. Affix
Affirm.
i?awn
i^awnd
i^awnasd
In t err.
isi?awn
isdi^awn
isasdi^awn
Neg.
uri^awn
urdi^awn
urasdi^awi
Neg-Int.
isuri^ami
isurdi^awn
isurasdi^ami
TABLE 14 -
Structures generated from V /«?awn/ in the
past (SS)
193
Digitized by yD
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazlght
The Verb
Past
Past,
Past, I.Obj.
Prox. Affix
Prox. Affix
Affirm.
is?awn
is^awnd
is^awnasd
Interr.
isis^awn
isds?awn
isasdis^ami
Neg.
uris^awn
urds?awn
urasdis^awn
Neg.Int.
isuris^ami
i surds ^awn
isurasdis^awn
TABLE 15 - Structures generated from /s?awn/, Causative of
/cawn/ in the oast (SS^
/^awn/ in the past (SS)
Past
Past,
Prox. Affix
Past,
Prox.
I.Obj.,
Affix
Affirm.
im?awan
im^awand
Interr.
i sim^awan
i sdm<?awan
Neg.
urim^awan
urdim^awan
Neg . Int .
isurim^awan
isurdim?awan
TABLE 16 - Structures generated from /nFawan/, Reciprocal of
/^.awi/ in the past (SS)
Past
Past,
Prox. Affix.
Past, I.Obj.,
Prox. Affix
Affirm.
it:U?awn
it:u?awnd
it:u?awnasd
Interr.
isit:u?awn
isdit;u?ami
isasdit s u?awn
Neg.
urit;u?awn
urdit:u?awn
urasdit:u?awn
Neg.Int.
isurit:u^awn
isurdit : u?awn
i surasdi t :u ^awn
TABLE 17 - Structures generated from /t:u*awn/, Passive of
/^awn/ in the past (SS)
194
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazlght The Verb
VI. 4. 7. 4 Derivation of tte Future Tense and Its Different Modes
The structures generated for the future tense are:
affirmative future, interrogative future (Will type),
negative future and interrogative future (Q type).
Rules for the Generation of the Different Future Modes
(from V and VH)
Fut-DSR-,^ Af firm-Put »/ad-/ + V + /-PNG-/
Fut-DSR 2 Interr-Fut w lll > /id:-/ + Affirmative Future
Fut-DSR, Negative Put */ur-/ + VH + /-PNG-/
Put-DSR^ Interr. Put — »QW + VH + /-PNG-/
Q
Put-DSR^ Movable Affixes-—- *Pre-Verbal
Most of the above-mentioned structures may be derived
for the causative, reciprocal, recipro-causative and passive
where SV, MV, MSV, amd TuV are used in place of V; and SVH,
MVH, MSVH, and TuVH are used in place of VH.
Examples of the results of the above rules are shown
in Tables 18-21. All forms are generated with -P3N s G m -
(Prefix /-i/). Blank boxes indicate that the form does
not occur.
195
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tama sight
The Verb
Future
Future , Prox.
Future, I.Obj.,
Affix
Prox. Affix
Affirm.
adi^awn
ad:i?awn
adasdi^awn
Interr.
icUadi^awn
i d : ad : i * awn
id:adasdi?awn
Neg.
urit: ?a\mn
urit: <?awan
urasdit: rav-ran
Neg.Int.
irdlni yt: ?aimn
iTii lmi d i t ; ? avian
mi lmi asdi t : ?av/an
TABLE 18 - Structures generated from V /<?awn/ and its
VH /t:?awan/ in the future - (SS)
Future
Future, Prox.
Affix
Future, I.Obj.,
Prox. Affix
Affirm.
adis?awi
ad: is? awn
adasdis?awn
Interr.
id:adis?awn
id-.ad:is?awn
id:adasdis?awn
Neg.
uris^awan
urdis^awan
urasdis^awan
Neg.Int.
mi lmi ys^awan
mi lmi dis^awan
milmi asdis^awan
TABLE 19 - Structures generated from the causatives
a) /s?awn/ and b) /s?awan/ in the future - (SS)
Future
Future, Prox.
Affix
Future, I.Obj.,
Prox. Affix
Affirm.
adim?awan
ad:im?awan
Interr .
id:adim?awan
id:ad:im?awan
Neg.
urit: m? awan
irdim?awan
Neg. Int.
milmi yt:m?awan
ni lmi di t : m? awan
TABLE 20 - Structures generated from the reciprocals
a) /ro?awan/ and b) /triwawan/ in the future - (SS)
196
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
Future
Future, Prox.
Affix
Future, I.Ob j.,
Prox. Affix
Affirm.
adit:u?awn
adasditju^awn
Interr.
id:adit:u?awn
id:adasdit:U<?awn
Neg.
urit:u?awan
urasditxu^awan
Neg. Int.
milmi it s u?awan
milmi asdit:u?awan
TABLE 21 -
Structures generated from the passives
a) /tru^awn/ and b) /t:u<?awan/ in the future - (SS)
VI. 4. 7. 5 Derivation of the Present Tense and Its Different Modes
The present tense with its different modes is derived
from VH (or SVH,MVH,MSVH,TuVH) .
Rules for the Generation of the Present Tense (from VH)
Pres-DSR.
Pres-DSR,
c
Pres-DSR-
Pres-DSR,
Pres-DSR,.
Affirm. Pres. — * |da-_j + VH + /- PNG -/
Interrog. Pres. ► /is-/ + Affirm. Pres .
Neg. Pres. ► /ur-/ + Affirm. Pres.
Neg-Interrog. Pres.— */is-/ + Neg. Pres.
Movable Affix > Pre -Verbal
Examples of present tense structures generated by the
above rules are shown in Tables 22-25. All forms are generated
with -P3N s G m - (prefix /I-/). Blank boxes indicate the form
does not occur.
197
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazlght
The Verb
Present
Pres . , Prox .
Affix
Pres., I.Obj.,
Prox. Affix
Affirm.
day t : ?awan
dadit:?awan
dasdit:^awan
Interrog.
isdayt: ?awan
isdadit:^awan
isdasdit: ?awn
Neg.
urdayt: ?awan
urdadit: <?awan
urdasdi t : ?awan
Neg . Int .
isurdayt: ?awan
isurdadit: ?awan
isurdadit: ?awan
TABLE 22 - Structures generated from /t:?awan/, VH of /% awn/
in the present (SS)
Present
Pres . , Prox .
Affix
Pres., I.Obj.,
Prox. Affix
Affirm.
days? awan
dadi s? awan
dasdis^awan
Interrog.
isdays?awan
isdadis?awan
i sdasdi s ?awan
Neg.
urdays^awan
urdadis^awan
urdasdi s^awan
Neg . Int .
isurdayscawan
i sur dadi s <? awan
i surdasdi s^awan
TABLE 23 - Structures generated from /s<?awan/, SVH of A awn/
in the present (SS)
Present
Pres . , Prox .
Affix
Pres .
Prox.
,I.ObJ.,
Affix
Affirm.
dayt:m?awan
dadi t:m? awan
Interrog.
isdayt :m?awan
i sdadi t : m* awan
Neg.
urdayt : m<?awan
ur dadi t : m* awan
Neg. Int.
i surdayt : m?awan
i sur dadi t : m* awan
TABLE 24 - Structures generated from /t:m<?awan/, MVH of /<^awn/
in the present (SS)
198
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tama sight
The Verb
Present
Pres.jProx,
Affix
Pres.^LObj.,
Prox. Affix
Affirm.
dayt:u?awan
dasdit:u?awan
Interrog.
isdayt:u?awan
i sdasdi t :u * awan
Neg.
urdayt:u?awan
urdasdit : u ?awan
Neg. Int.
isurdayt:u?awan
i surdasdit s u ?awan
TABLE 25 - Structures generated from /t:u?awan/, TuVH of /cayrn/
in the present (SS)
VI. 4. 7. 6 Derivation of the Aorlst
The aorist is a dependent tense that does not occur as
sentence initial. It is formed from V (SV or MV) simply by
the realization of /-PNG-/.
Rules for the Generation of the Aorist (from V):
Aor-DSR-L Aorist ► V + /-PNG-/
Aor-DSR 2 Movable Affixes >• Post-Verbal
Aorist forms are identical with past tense forms of
unablauted stems but differ from those of the ablauted
stems by the ablaut.
Aorists generated by the above rules are shown in
Table 26 for SS forms. All forms are generated with
_P 3 N s G m- (Prefix /i-/).
199
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tama sight
The Verb
Aorist
Aorist, Prox. Affix
Aorist, I . Ob j . , Prox . Af f .
V
i?awn
i?awnd
i?amiasd
sv
is?awn
is^awnd
is^awnasd
MV
im?awan
im^awand
TABLE 26 - Aorists of
Aawn/, its SV and MV (SS)
VI. 4. 7. 7 Derivation of the Participles
This section discusses the derivation of past, present,
and future participles both affirmative and negative.
The past participle is formed by suffixation of the
participle suffix /-n/ to a derived past in -P~N G -.
' ' 3 s m
Prefixation of /ur-/ gives the negative participle. Either
of these two participles is used with subjects of any number
or gender. A plural past participle formed by suffixation of
/-in/ to past in -P~N G - is used only with plural (m, f)
subjects.
The present participle is formed by suffixation of
the participle suffix /-n/ to a derived present structure in
~" p 3 N s G rrT # Prefixation of /ur-/ gives its negative participle,
The future participle is derived by suffixation of
the participle suffix /-n/ to a VH after the realization
of -P^N G -. Prefixation of /ur-/ gives its negative
participle. A variant affirmative future participle (which
has no negative) may be derived by suffixation of the
200
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tama sight
The Verb
participle suffix /-n/ to a derived aorist in -P3N s G m -.
Rules for the Generation of the Participles
Part-DSFU
Part-DSR,.
Part-DSR,
Part-DSR,
Part-DSR r
Part-DSR,
(Neg) Past Part. ►(/ur-/) + Pas^_ p N G _ ]+/-n/
j> s m
Plural Past Part. »Past + /-n/
[ " P 3 N P G m' ]
(Neg) Put. Part
-»(/ur-/) + Pres[_
P3NsGm
- ]+ /-v
(Neg) Put. Part.
*(/ur-/) + VH p _ + /-n/
[ F 3 N s G m J
Variant Put. Part.-
Movable Affix > Pre-Participle
[- p 3 N s Q m- i
Participles derived by the above rules for the V 25
/*awn/ are shown in Tables 27-29 for SS forms.
All participles occur in structures using the relative
pronouns /n:a/ 'who, that 1 or /a<yra/ 'who will, that will 1 :
e.g., /n:a y?awn:/ means 'who helped 1 , /n:a dayt:?awan:/
means 'who is helping 1 and /ayra yt:?awan:/ means 'who will
help r .
Past . Partic .
Past Part.,
Prox. Affix
Past Part.,
Prox. Affix
I.Obj.,
Affirm.
i?awn:
di ?awn •
asdi^awn:
Neg.
uri^awi:
urdi^awri:
urasdi <?awn :
Plural
<?awi:in
d*awn:in
asd^awn ; in
TABLE 27 - Past Participles of
/*awn/ (SS )
201
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
Pres . Part .
Pres.Part.,
Prox. Affix
Pres.Part.jI.Obj . ,
Prox. Affix
Affirm
Neg.
dayt: *awan:
urdayt: ?awan:
dadit: ^awan:
urdadi t : ?awan :
dasdit:?awan :
urdasdit : <?awsui:
TABLE 28 - Present Participles of /t:<?awan/, VH of
/<?awn/ (SS)
Put . Part .
Put . Part . ,
Prox. Affix
Put. Part., I. Ob j.,
Prox. Affix
Affirm.
it: ^awan s
dit; ?awan;
asdi : ?awan :
Neg.
urit: *av/an:
urdi t : ?awan :
urasdi t : ?awan :
Variant
Form
i^awn:
di^awn;
asdi^awn:
TABLE 29 - Future Participles of
/t:?awan/ (SS)
/?awn/ and its VH
202
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
VI. 4. 7. 8 summary of DSR's for Temporal, Modal and Participle
Derivations (T/M-P )
T/M-P-DSR-l Imperative —*-fv ^ + /-PNGp/
T/M-P -DSR,
T/M-P-DSR,
Energetic Imperative — *
Neg. Imper ►/adur-/ + fVH ~\ + /-PNGg/
SVH
MVH
MSVHl
T/M-P -DSR4
T/M-P -DSR C
Hortatory
Hortatory
+ /-PNG]/
f+Movement ]
/-PNG
>:r/ ] + /-png / + /ad-/ + /-PjN -/ + fv ^
[/yal:a h /j ? sv !
MV
MSVl
203
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tama sight
The Verb
T/M-P-DSR5
T/M-P-DSR7
T/M-P-DSRg
T/M-P-DSR g
T/M-P-DSR
10
T/M-P-DSR n
T/M-P-DSR 12
Affirm. Past
+ /-PNG-/ + (Abl)
Interrog. Past ►A s ~/ + Affirm. Past
Neg. Past — v/ur-/ + fv ^ + /-PNG-/ + (Abl)
SV
MV
MSV
\
TuV
Neg-Interrog. Past *-/is-/ + Neg. Past
Affirm. Put. »/ad-/ +
r V ^ + /-PNG-/
SV
MV
MSV
TuV .
k. J
Interrog. Put,, — - >/id:-/ + Affirm. Put,
will"
Neg. Put,
■^/ur-/ +
204
+ /-PNG-/
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamaaight
The Verb
T/M-P-DSR 13
T/M-P-DSR ^
T/M-P-DSR 15
T/M-P-DSR^
T/M-P-DSR
T/M-P-DSR l8
T/M-P-DSR
19
T/M-P-DSR,
20
Interrog. Put.— ► Qw + fvH ^\ + /-PNG-/
Q
Affirm. Pres,
(/da-/ ) +
l/l:a./J
<
^VH "\ + /-PNG-/
SVH
MVH
MSVH
TuVH
'J
Interrog. Pres,
-►/is-/ + Affirm. Pres
Neg. Present >./ur-/ + Affirm. Pres.
Neg-lnterr. Pres.— Vis-/ + /ur-/ + Affirm. Pres,
Aorist
n +
sv /
/-PNG-/
SV
MV
MSV,
Past Part.— ►( (/ur-/) + past
[-P 3 Ns<>m- f /_n/
PaSl t-P N G - f /_ln/ Plural
Present Part. — ►(/ur-/) + Pres + /»n/
v/ /; + [-P3N s G m -] + /•"/
205
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tama sight The Verb
T/M-P-DSR 21 Put. Part.— *f (/ur-/) + SVH fp N Q + /-n/ ^
' AOr f-P 3 N s G m -] +/_n / Affirm ^
T/M-P-DSR Movable Affix — ► /" Post-Verbal / [ -Temporal,
22 \ Modal prefix
or preposition]
Pre-Verbal / [ -i-Temp/Mod pref ,
or prep . ]
/ Pre-Participle /
206
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazig^t The Verb
VI. 5 Morphophonemic Sketch
VI. 5-1 Introduction
The morphophonemic changes which occur in the dialect
under consideration, mainly in verb derivations , may be
divided into six classes: voicing assimilation* reduction, hiatus,
and change of vowel to glide: (V >G).
This section states the morphophonemic changes in
phonemic symbols (in"VX5.2) and then (inVL5*3) gives examples
of these changes using verbs from the Verb List and the
end of this chapter. Phonemic symbols are written between
slashes / /• hyphen /-/ represents morpheme boundary; /#/
word boundary.
VI, 5*2 General Rules of Tamazight Verb Morphophonemics
The following rules apply to /-PNG-/ inflection and
combination of verb with temporal and modal prefixes. These
rules are referred to as General Surface Structure Rules
(Gen-SSR ! s) since they affect the shape of any verbal
derivation in contexts specified in the examples given in VI. 5. 3*
For a more elaborate description of verb morphophonemics
see Abdel-Massih, Ernest, Tamazight Verb Structure: A
Generative Approach , Indiana University Press: Bloomington,
Indiana, 1971.
207
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tama Eight The Verb
Sequence Voicing Flatness Articulatory Reduction
Assimilation Assimilation Assimilation
Gen-SSR-j^ /t-d/ „ dd »d
Gen-SSR2 /t-d/ » dd *dd > d
Gen-SSRo /d-t/. *. tt > t
Gen-SSR^ /d-t/ , > tt *tt >t
Gen-SSR 5 /d-tt/ »tt: »tt: > t
Gen-SSRg /d-d/ > dd ». d
Gen-SSR- /t-t :/ ± t
Gen-SSR 8 /t:-t/ ^t
Gen-SSRQ /t-t/ — — > t
Gen-SSR 10 /d-d/ — — ^ d
Gen-SSR 1;L /t-t/ ^ tt V t
Gen-SSR 12 /y-t/ , y xt
Gen-SSR 13 /y-y/ >qq * q:
Gen-SSR-h f/n-n#/ 1 ^ /n;#l
^ t/n-n-v-/j *U:v-j
Gen- SSR 15 /m-m#/ ^. m :
Gen-SSR^ /r-r/ ^r:
Gen-SSR 17 /r-n#/ — . ^ rr > r:
Gen-SSR^ /l-n#/. > 11 =>l :
Gen-SSR^ /n-m#/* ^ mm >m:
Gen-SSRgQ /d-s/. > kk * k:
Gen-SSR 21 /d-k/ » kk > k:
Gen-SSRgg /d-n/ > n
Gen-SSRg-. /s-s/ >.s:
Gen-SSRg^ /s-s/ » ss > s:
208
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazlght
The Verb
Sequence Voicing Flatness Articulatory Reduction
Assimilation Assimilation Assimilation
Gen-SSRg,- /s-z/.
Gen-SSRgg /s-s/_
Gen-SSRgy /s-z/.
Gen-SSRgg /s-zA
Gen-SSRgg /s-d/<
Gen-SSR, /z-t/.
Gen-SSR^ /z-t/.
Gfen-SSR^g /t-z/-
Gen-SSRoo /t-z/-
zz
.zz
-> zz
.*. zd
_>st
->st
— >dz
->dz
'
-* ZZ
-* 22
_► g§ .
-> z:
— »►?:
Sequence
Gen-SSR^ /i-i/
Gen-SSR-c /i-a/
Gen-SSR~_- /u-a/
Gen-SSRo 7 /u-i/
Gen-SSR->3 /u-u/
Gen-SSRoQ /a/a/-
Gen-SSR 4o /#i-i/ __
Gen-SSR^ /#i-a/ _
Gen-SSR^ /#i-u/ _
Gen-SSR 43 /-i-i-/_
Gen- SSR^ /-a- i/ —
Hiatus
-s-iyi
-**iya
->uya
-^uyi
-> uyu
V-
-*G
■>yi
-^>ya
■^ yu
-^►iy
-^ ay
Reduct±on
-*-a
209
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tama sight
The Verb
VI. 5- 3 Examples
Rule 1
129 /t-dbjr-d/* — >/d;b : rd/
129 /t-db-.r/ =>/d:b : r/
2£l /t-sm-.t-d/-
2£l /i-sm : t-d/-
-»/tsm : d:/
-^/ism:d:/
'you. (s) managed'
' she managed'
'you (s) cheated'
'he cheated'
Rule 2
138 /t-dr:?/ >/d:r : */
136 /t-dl»*-d/ »/d:l:*d/
'she screamed'
'you (s) flattened bread'
Rule 3
Rule 4
Rule 5
Rule 6
2£L /ad-t-sm-.t/ >/at:sm : t/ 'she will cheat'
2£L /ad-t-sm : t-nt/— >/at : sm:tnt/ 'you (fp) will cheat'
300 /i-^rd-t/ >./i<rrt:/ 'he invited him'
300 /i-?rd-t:/ »/i*rt s / 'he invited her'
238 /t-sfd-d/.
197 /i-nsd-d/-
-*/tsfd:/ f y° u ( s ) wiped 1
->/insd:/
'he blew his nose'
( + prox.)
A numeral preceding an example refers to the number of the
simple verb stem in the Verb List from which the form is
derived (see Verb List, pp. 262-282).
210
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Temezight The Verb
Rule 7
lj.6 /da-t-t : ?um-d/-^>/dat:?umd/ 'you (s) swim'
113 /da-t-t:?awan/— >/dat : <?awan/ 'she helps'
Rule 8
88 /da-t:-t-t:sa?ad/->/dat:t : sa<?ad/ 'she helps her'
Rule 9
378 /da-t-t-ks : a-d/-*/dat:ks : ad/ 'you tend it (m) »
Rule 10
88 /i-sa*d-d/ => /isa^d:/ 'he helped' (+ proximity)
113 /ad-d-^awn-y/ — fr/adj^awny/ 'I'll help' (+ proximity)
Rule 11
261 /t-tfs/. >/t : fs/ 'she folded'
262 /t-trz-d/ > /t s rzd/ 'you (s) embroidered'
Rule 12
10 k /zayd-y-t/ >/zaydxt/ 'I added it'
Rule 13
3i|.l /f-.r-r/ >/ fs W 'I ^ent out'
1^7 /da-t : fr ; aY-Y/ >/dat : f r : aq ; / 'I am pouring'
211
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tama 2.x e;ht
The Verb
Rule 14
113
113
113
/<?awn-n/-
/<?awn-nt/-
-^ /^awrij/
-^•/<?amint/
/<?awn-n-in/ > /^amuin/
•they (m) helped 1
'they (f) helped 1
plural participle of
/<?awn/
Rule 15
311 /t- yr ; m-m/ > /t yr : m : /
311 /t-Yf:m-m-t/- — >/tYr s mmt/
'you (mp) indemnified 1
'you (mp) indemnified*
Rule 16
4^0 /ur-rir/-
_^ /ur:ir/
1 I do not want'
Rule 17
296 /?m:r-n/
296 /Vnur-nt/-
^> /*m 8 r 8 /
->/<?m 5 rnt/
'they (m) filled 1
'they (f) filled 1
Rule 18
63
63
/slil-n/.
/slil-nt/-
■^/slil:/
^/slilnt/
•they (m) rinsed*
'they (f) rinsed 1
Rule 19
375 /ad-t-gn-m/. ^/at : gm : /
279 /t-xzn-m-t/ ^/txznmt/
'you (mp) will sleep'
'you (mp) stored it'
212
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamayight The Verb
Rule 20
37 /ad-s-i-sal/ ^/ak sisal/ 'he will ask you (ms) '
Rule 21
37 /ad-kn-i-sal/— >/ak : nisal/ 'he will ask you (nip) '
Rule 22
37 /ad-n-sal/ > /an sal/ 'we will ask*
200 /ad-n-ntl/, >/anntl/ 'we will hide'
200 /ad-ntl-y/ >/adntlr/ 'I will hide'
Rule 23
62 /sdid/ 'be thin' : sv /s-sdid/ /s ; did/
232 /is-sl : m-n/- s»/is : l : mn/ 'did they (m) greet?'
Rule 24
6£ /smid/ 'be cold* : SV /s-smid/ ^/s : mid/
2I4.5 /is-sy : f-n/ >/is : y : fn/ 'did they harvest the
summer crops?'
Rule 25
I4.38 /zru/ 'happen' : SV /s-zru/ ^/z : ru/
289 /is-2br-n/ ^/iz : br : / 'did they (m) come back?'
213
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tame sight
The Verb
Rule 26
Ij.28 /sdu/ » smell' : SV /s-sdu/ > /s s du/
18 /is-sk-.a-n/ ^/is^an/ 'did they (m) doubt?'
Rule 27
I4.36 /zwu/ 'dry 1 s SV /s-zwu/_
103 /is-zawg:-n/ >/iz : awg:n/
_^/z s wu/
'did they (m) ask
protection?'
Rule 28
106 /is-zawd-n/ =>/iz : awdn/ 'did they (m) throw away?'
Rule 29
132 /is-dls-n/ ^/izdlsn/ 'did they (m) massage?'
113 /is-d-i-^awn/ — ^/izdi^awn/ 'did he help?' (+ prox. )
113 /is-da-t:^awan-n/— ^/izdat:^awan s / 'are they (m)
helping?'
Rule 30
Rule 31
Rule 32
79 /i-harz-t/ ^/iharst/ 'he forbade him'
325 /i-amz-t/_ >/yumst/ 'he took it (m)'
280 /t-zdm-d/ ^/dzdmd/ 'you (s) collected wood'
214
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tama Eight
The Verb
Rule 33
289 /t-zbr-d/-
/dzbrd/
'you (s) came back 1
Rules 3^- 39
A-i/ kk9
/i-a/ 44?
/u-a/ 402
/u-i/ 431
/u-u/ 364
/a-a/
18
/ini-i/
/ini-as/-
/d:u-at/-
/sru-i/ —
-*/iniyi/
-^/iniyas/
->/d:uyat/
-> /sruyi/
'tell me'
'tell him'
'go (mp)'
'rent (for) me'
/it : u-us : a/ >/it:uyus:a/ 'it was tied 1
■>/a/
/sk : a-at/ */sk : at/ 'doubt (mp)I»
113 /da-as-i-t:«?awan/— >/dasit:<?awan/ 'he helps "him*
113 /da-aY-i-t : sal/ » /davit: sal/ 'he asks us'
Rules 40-43
51
362
/i-azum/-
/i-isil/-
/i-ufa/—
_^ /yazum/
->/yizil/
->/yufa/
'he fasted'
'he was nice'
'he found'
Rule 44
89 /t-sa?f-s-d/ >/tsa«?f§id/
89 /t-sa^f-t-d/ >/tsa<?ftid/
89 /t-sa<?f-ay-d/ — fc/tsacfard/
* * *
215
'she was patient with
you (s) » (+ prox. )
•she was patient with
him' (+ prox.)
'she was patient with
us' (+ prox. )
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight The Verb
Notes on the Verb in Ayt Seghrouchen (A.S.)
Only differences from Ayt Ayache (A. A.) grammar are
discussed here.
These are /d:/ and /n:/ in A.S,, e.g.,
/rah/ to go
/i-rah-d:/ he came
/i-rah-n:/ he went there
2
6
In A.S. the present tense orefix is only A:a-A e.g.,
/l:a-i-ti*um:/ he is swimming
3
In A.S, the progressive or inchoative prefix is /al-/, e.g.,
/al-i-t:«um:/ he started to swim
In A*S, this morpheme is /is-/ which is the Interrogative
oarticle. In most cases in future construction /is-/ is
followed by /-d-/, a oarticle of emphasis, e.g.,
/is-d-ad-i-* urn:/ will he swim?
The oarticle is /is-/ but it orecedes a verb stem in the
Habitual form without a present tense prefix; e.g.,
/is-i-t :*um:/ is he swimming? does
he swim?
In A.S. there are two negative ^articles:
(a) /ur-/ before V, SV, ... in the past end before VH in the
formation of the future negative and (b) /ul:i-/ before VH,
SVH, ... (present); e.g.,
216
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
/i-*um:/
/ur-i-? urn:/
/l:a-i~t:<?um:/
/ul :i-i-t :?um:/
/adi?um:/
/urit :? urn:/
he swam
he did not swim
he is swimming
he is not swimming
he will swim
he will not swim
-PNG
Inroer. Suffix
2sm
2sf
2om
2pf
-0
-0
-m
-nt
TABLE 1 - Second Person
Imperative Suffixes (A,S.)<
-PNG
Imoer. Suffix
1dm
Idf
lnm
Inf
-ax
-ntax
-max
-ntax
TABLE 2 - Hortatory Suffixes
(A.S.).
8
-PNG-
Inflectional Affix
1s
X
2s
t t
3sm
i
3sf
t
lp
n
2pm
t m
2pf
t nt
3pm
n
3pf
nt
TABLE 3 - Ayt Seghrouchen -PNG- Affixes
217
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazlght The Verb
9
Ablaut in Ayt Seghrouchen may be summed up as follows:
i. Unablauted stems ; show no ablaut (neither in affirmative
not negative) and are represented by the verb stems /*um:/
f to swim 1 of the structure ||AVC|| , /bars/ 'to congratulate 1
of the structure || AVCD || , /bd:/ f to stand ud t of the
structure ||AE:|| > /&£:/ f to let f 5 ,/f:u/ f to dawn', and
/bdu/ f to divide 1 of the structure flABVl). For conjugations
see Table #4 -11 (A.S.).
ii. Ablauted Stems :
(a) 0:0 ablaut are stems which have no ablaut in Affirmative
t)ast but have /I/ ablaut in the negative. This is represented
by /frh/ f to be happy 1 /bry/'to grind' (see Table 16 (A.S«)
for changes in /-y#/ of this tyt)e), /qr:r/ 'to decide',
/bndq/ f to bow f . /\:y%m/ 'to twist' and /z:*/ f to dismiss'
of the structure ||A( : )B( : )(C)(D) || . For conjugations see
Tables#12 - 23 (A.S.),
(b) i/a ablaut for members of the ||ABa#|| structure
renresented here by /bda / 'to start'. This groun has /i/
ablaut for first and second person singular and /a/ for the
rest of the PNG paradigm. This is the only groun that is
ablauted in the future. For conjugations see Tables #24 - 27
(A.S.).
(c) i/u ablaut occurs with verbs as/iS/ 'to do', A:/ f to pass*
/Is/ 'to shear' of the structure llA(:)|| or ||AB || . /i/ occurs
with PNG: Is, 2s, 2om,f and 3pm, f. /u/ occurs with PNG:
3m, f and Id. For conjugations see Tables #28 - 31 (A.S.).
(d) a - u ablaut refers to change of a to u, e.g., /adf/
'to enter' or /dzal:/ f to swear' of the structure ||aBC|| or
|| (A )BaD || . For conjugations see Tables #32 - 35 (A.S.)*
218
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight The Verb
(e) a - i ablaut refers to change of a to i for only-
two verbs, namely /awd 7 f to reach 1 , /awy/ 'to take away 1
See conjugations in Tables #36 - 39 (A.S.)-
219
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazlght
The Verb
-PNG-
Affirm.
Neg.
Interr.
Neg. Interr.
1s
cum:X
urcunux
is*um%x
isurcunux
2s
tcum:t
urtcum:t
istcunwt
isurtcunut
3sm
i^um:
uricuiru
isicum:
isuricum:
3sf
tcum:
urtcura.:
istcum:
isurtcum:
lp
ncum:
urn cum:
isncum:
isurncum:
2pm
tcunwm
urtcum.:m
istcum:m
isurtcunum
2pf
tcununt
urtcum:nt
istcum:nt
isurtcum : nt
3pm
^umjn
ur cumin
iscunun
isurcunun
3pf
cum:nt
urcum:nt
iscum:nt
isurcum 5 nt
TABLE 4 (A.S.) -
/-PNG-/ Daradigms for unablauted Aum:/ 'to swim'
in the past.
-PNG-
Affirm.
Neg.
Interr.
Neg, Interr.
ls
adcunux
urt:cum 5 x
isad:cum:x
isurt:cum:X
2s
at : cum: t
urt : cum : t
i sat : cum: t
isurt:cum:t
3sm
adicum:
urit:cum:
isadicum:
isurit:cum:
3sf
at: cum:
urt:cum s
isat:cum:
isurt:cum:
lp
an: cum:
urnt:cum:
isan:cum:
i sum t: cum:
2pm
at: cum: m
urt:cum:m
isat;cum:m
isurt:cum:m
2pf
at:cununt
urt:cum:nt
isat:cum:nt
isurt:cum:nt
3pm
adcum:n
urt s cum:n
isadcum:n
isurt:cum:n
3pf
adcum:nt
urt:cum : nt
isadcum s nt
isurt:cum:nt
TABLE 5 (A.S.) -
/-PNG-/ paradigms for unablauted Aum:/ 'to
in the future.
swim'
220
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazlght
The Verb
-PNG-
Affirm.
Neg.
Interrog.
Neg, Interr.
Is ljat:^um:3:
2s l s at:<?um:t
3sm 1 : ay t : ^um:
3sf l:at:^um:
Ip 1: antrum;
2pm l : atx?um:m
2pf l : at:^um:nt
3pm l s at:?um:n
3pf l:at:^umtnt
ul:it:^um:X
ul:its*um:t
ulsiytx^um;
ul:it:^um :
ul;int:^um:
ul:it:^um:m
uljit:?um;nt
ul;it:^um:n
ul:itj^um:nt
ist;^um:X
ist:^um;t
isitx^um:
ist:^um:
isnt:^um:
istx^um:m
istx^umxnt
ist:?um:n
ist:^um;nt
isulxitx^umxx
isulxitx^um: t
isulxiytx^umj
isulxit:<Mim:
isulxintx^um:
isulxitx^umxm
isulxit^umxnt
isulxitx^umxn
isulxitx*um 5 nt
TABLE 6 (A.S.)
/-PNG-/ paradigms for unablauted *umf/in the
t> resent.
-PNG#
Imr>er,
Energetic Imt>er. Neg, Imper.
2s
2pm
2sf
^um:
?um;m
^umxnt
tx^um:
adurt x ^um;
tx^umxm
adurtx^umxm
tx^umxnt
adurt x^umxnt
TABLE 7 (A.S.) - Imperative structures for unablauted /* um: /
221
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
-PNG-
Affirm.
Neg*
Interrog.
Neg. Interr.
ls
bd:X
urbd:X
isbd:X
isurbd:x
2s
tbdst
urtbd:t
istbd: t
isurtbd:t
3sm
ibd:
ttribd:
isibd:
isuribd:
3sf
tbdx
urtbd:
istbd:
isurtbd:
lp
nbd:
urnbd:
isnbd:
isurnbd:
2pm
tbd:m
urtbd:m
istbdxm
isartbd:m
2pf
tbd:nt
urtbd:nt
ustbdrat
isurtbd:nt
3pm
bd:n
urbd:n
isbd:n
isurbd:n
3pf
bd:nt
urbd:nt
isbd:nt
isurbd:nt
TABLE 8 (A.S.) - /-PNG-/ paradigms ?or unablauted /bd:
•to stand ut>' In the Dast.
-PNG-
Affirm.
Neg.
Interrog.
Neg. Interr.
Is
adbd:X
urt:bid:idx
isadbd:x
isurt s bid:idx
2s
at:bd:t
urt s bid:iti
isatbdrt
isurt:bid:it s
3sm
adibd:
urit:bid:id
isadibd:
isurit:bid:id
3sf
at;bd:
urt:bid:id
isadtbd :
isurt;bid:id
lp
an:bd:
urnt:bid:id
isadnbd:
isurnt:bid:id
2pm
at :bd:m
urt;bid:idm
isadtbd :m
isurt:bid:idm
2pf
at:bd:nt
urt:bid:idnt
isadtbd :nt
isurt:bid:idnt
3pm
adbd:n
urt:bid:idn
isadbdrn
isurt:bid:idn
3pf
adbd;nt
urt : bid:idn
isadbd:nt
isurt:bid:idnt
TABLE 9 (A.S.) -
/-PNG-/ naradigms for unablauted /bd: /
'to stand uo' in the future.
222
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazlght The Verb
-PNG-
Affirm.
Neg. Interrog.
Neg.Interr,
Is
l:at s bid:idx
ul s it:bid:idz ist;bid:idz
isul:it:bid:idx
2s
l:at:bid:it:
ul s it: bid: its ist:bid:it :
isul s it:bid:it s
3sm
l : ayt:bid:id
ul : iyt:bid:id isit:bid:id
isul s iyt:bid:id
3Bf
l:at:bid:id
ul s it: bid: id ist : bid:id
isul:it:bid:id
lp
l:ant s bid;id
ul:int : bid:id isnt:bid:id
isul : int:bid:id
2pm
l:at;bid:idm
ul:it:bid:icta ist:bid:idm
i sul : it : bid : i dm
2pf
l s at ; bid:idnt
ul:it:bid:idnt ist:bi& : idnt isul:it s bid: idnt
3pm
l:at s bid:idn
ul : it:bid:idn ist:bid:idn
isul:it : bid:idn
3pf
l:at:bid: idnt
ul s it:bid:idnt ist s bid:idnt isul; it : bid:idnt
TAELE TO (A,S,) - /-PNG-/ paradigms for unablauted /bd:/
'to stand up' in the present
-PNG# Imper. Energetic Imper. Neg. Imt>er.
2s bd: t:Md:id adu*t:bid:id
2 P m bd:m t:bid:idm adurtsbid: idm
2 P f bd:nt t : bid:idnt adurt: bid: idnt
TABLE 11. (A.S.) - Imperative structures for unablauted /bd: /
' to stand up ' .
223
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tama sight
The Verb
-PNG-
Affirm.
Neg.
Interrog.
Neg, Interr.
ls
2s
3pm
3pf
lp
2pm
2pf
3pm
3pf
frhx
tfrht
if&
tftfj
nfrh
tfrhm
tfrljnt
frhn
frhnt
urfrihx
urtfriht
urifrih
urtfrih
• •
un ; fyi]j
urtfriljm
urtfrihnt
urfrihn
urfyiljnt
isfyhx
istfyljt
isifrh
istfr^i
i snf rh
istfr&m
istfyhnt
isfrhn
isfrhnt
• •
isurfrihx
isurtfriht
isurifrih
isurtfyilj
isun : frih
isurtfrihm
isurtfyiljnt
isurfyiljn
isurfrihnt
• •
TABLE 12 (A. S. ) -
/PNG-/ paradigms for /frh/ 'to be happy'
of the 0:0 ablaut in the past
-PNG-
Affirm.
Neg.
Interrog.
Neg. Interr.
1s
adfyljx
urfr:^pc
isadfrx
isurfr 5 hx
2s
at s frht
urtfr s ht
isat:fylj.t
isurtfr:ht
3sm
adifrk
urifr ; h
isadifrh
isurifr : h
3sf
at*ftfj
urtfr s h
i sat: frh
• •
isurtfr : h
• •
lp
an : frh
urnfr : h
isan:fylj
isurnfr s h
2pm
at;frhm
urtf r;hm
i sat : f rhm
isurtfr:hm
2pf
at 5 fyljnt
urtfy-.ljnt
isat:frhnt
isurtfy:felt
3pm
adfrim
urf^fyn
i sadf rhn
isurfy:ljn
3pf
adf^Tjnt
urfr:hnt
• •
isadfrhnt
• •
isurfr ; hnt
# •
TABLE 13 (A.S.)
/-PNG-/ paradigms for /frh/ 'to be happy'
in the future
224
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
-PNG-
Affirm.
Neg.
Interrog.
Neg. Inter t.
le
l:afr:hx
ul :ifr:hx
isfrrhx
isulrifrrinx
2s
l:atfr:ht
ul:it':fy;Jit
istfrrht
isul:itfr:ht
3sm
l:ayfr:h
ul :iyfr:l?
isifftfi
isulriyff :fi
3sf
l:atfr:h
• •
ul:tfr:h
• •
istfrrh
• •
isul:itff :fi
• •
lp
l:anfr:h
ul:infr:h
isnfrrh
isulrinfrrh
2pm
l:atfr:hm
ul:itfr:hm
istf£:hm
isul :itfr:hm
2pf
lratf^rljnt
ul :itfr:hnt
istfy :hnt
isul:itf£:£nt
3pm
l:af^:hn
ul:ifr:hn
isfrrhn
isul:ifr:hn
3pf
l:afr:hnt
• •
ul:ifr:hnt
isffrhnt
• •
isul:iff:fint
• •
TABLE 14 (A.S.)
/-PNG-/ oaradigms for ,/frh/ 'to be haopy 1
-PNG#
Imper.
Energetic Imoer.
Neg. Imoer.
2s
frh
2om
frhm
2pf
frhnt
fr:h
• •
frrhm
• •
fyrhnt
adurfrrh
adurfrrhm
« •
adurfrrhnt
TABLE 15 (A.S.) -
Imperative structures for ablauted ,/frh/
' to be happy' .
225
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
-PNG-
^Affirm.
Neg.
Interrog.
Neg. Interr.
18
brix
urbrix
isbrix
isurbrix
2sm
tbrit
urtbrit
istbrit
isurtbrit
2sm
ibry
uribriy
isibry
isuribriy
3sf
tbriy
urtbriy
istbry
isurtbriy
Id
nbry
urnbriy
isnbry
isurnbriy
2om
tbrim
urtbrim
istbrim
isurtbrim
2of
tbrint
urtbrint
istbrint
isurtbrint
3pm
brin
urbriyn
isbrin
isurbrin
3pf
brint
urbriynt
isbrint
isurbrint
TABLE 16 (A.S.) -
/-PNG-/ for ,/bry/ 'to grind' of the 0:0
ablaut in the past.
-PNG-
Affirm.
Neg.
Interrog .
Neg. Interr.
Is
adbrix
urbrrix
isadbrix
isurbrrix
2s
at:brit
urtbrrit
idatrbrit
isurtbrrit
3&n
adibriy
uribrry
isadibry
isuribr:i
3sf
atrbry
urtbrry
isatrbry
isurtbrri
IP
an:bry
urnbrry
isanrbry
isurnbrri
2i>m
atrbrim
urtbr:im
i sat tbrim
isurtbrrim
2t)f
at rbrint
urtbr:int
isat rbrint
isurtbrrint
3r>m
adbrin
urbrrin
isatdbrin
isurbr:in
3pf
adbrint
urbrrint
isadbrint
isurbr:int
TABLE 17 (A.S.)
/-PNG-/ paradigms for /bry/ 'to grind'
in the future.
226
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
-PNG-
Affirm.
Neg.
Interrog.
Neg. Inter r
Is l:abr:ix
2s l:atbr:it
3sm l:aybr:y
3sf l:atbr:y
Ip l:anbr:y
2pm l:atbr:im
2p^ l:atbr:int
3nm Irabrrin
3of l:abr:int
ul:ibr:ix isbrrix
ul:itbr:it isibr:it
ul:iybr:y isibr:y
ul:itbr:y istbrry
ul : lb r : ix isnbr : i
ul:itbr:it istbr:im
ul:iyb^:iy istbr:int
ul ritbrry isbrrin
ulritbrrint isbrtint
isul:ibr:ix
isul:itbr:it
isul:iybr:y
isul:itbr:y
isul:inbr:im
isul :itbr:im
isul:itb^:int
isul:ibr:in
isul:ibr;int
TABLE 18 (A.S.) -
/-PNG-/ paradigms for /bry/ f to grind' in
the present.
-PNG#
Imper,
Energetic Imper,
Neg. Imner,
2s
bry
2t>m
brim
2pf
brint
br:y
br:im
brrint
adurbrry
adurbrrim
adurbr:int
TABLE 19 (A.S.)
Imperative structures for ./bry/ f to grind 1
227
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
•PNG-
Affirm.
Neg.
Interr,
1s
Z : ?X
urz : i?x
isz : ?x
2s
t?:?t
urtz : i?t
ist?:?t
3sm
1Z;«?
uriz : i?
isiz- <?
3sf
tZ s *
urt?-.!?
istz : <?
lp
n?:*
urnz : ic
isnz : c
2pm
t£ : ?m
urtz : i<?m
istz : <?m
2pf
tz : ?nt
urtz : i?nt
istz : ?nt
3pm
£;?n
urz s icn
isz s ?n
3pf
Z s «?nt
urz : i<?nt
isz : ?nt
Neg, Interr.
isurz : icx
isurtz : i?t
isuriz : i<?
isurtz : ic
isurnz s i?
isurtz:i<?m
isurtz s icnt
isurz-icn
isurz : icnt
TABLE 20 (A.S.)
/-PNG-/ Daradigms for /z:?/ 'to chase f of the
1:0 ablaut in the past.*
-PNG-
Affirm.
Neg,
Interr,
Neg. Interr.
ls
adz s <fx
urt:Z<?x
isz ; ?x
isurz s i^x
2s
at : z : <? t
urt:Z?t
istz : ?t
isurtz : i<?t
3sm
adi?:<?
urit-z?
isiz : ?
isuriz : i?
3sf
at;Z:«
urt:?:^
ist?;?
isurt?:i?
lp
an s z : ?
urnt :z : ?
isnz s ?
isurnz; i?
2pm
at:Z:<?m
urt;Z : ?m
istz;<?m
isurtz : i?m
2pf
at : z : <?nt
urt;Z s ?nt
istz-?nt
isurtz : i*nt
3pm
adz : ?n
urt : z : ?n
istz ; ?n
isurzli^n
3pf
adz : ?nt
•
urt:Z- ?nt
•
isz : ?nt
isurz : icnt
•
TABLE 21 (A.S.) -
/-PNG-/ oaradig-ns for /z:<?/ 'to chase' in the
f u tu re .
228
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
-PNG-
Affirm.
Neg.
Interr.
Neg. Interr.
ls
1 : at : z
Ul;it:Z;<?X
ist;Z : ^X
iSUl;it S Z;?X
2s
l:at:3;?t
ul s it:Z;ct
ist;Z : ^t
isul: it s z : <?t
3sm
l:ayt;z : r
ul:iyt!z : c
isitlz s ?
isul s iytl5;c
3sf
1 1 at : z : <?
ul;it : zi^
•
ist;Z : c
•
isul:it s z : c
lp
l : ant:Z : ?
ul:int;Z s *
isnt s z : <?
isul:int:Z 5 c
2pm
1: at:Z;?m
ul: it iZi*TQ.
ist ;Z • ?m
isulxit;zlcm
2pf
l:at : z : ?nt
ul:it:4;^nt
ist:Z : ?nt
isul:it ; z : cnt
3pm
1 : at : Z : ^n
ul;it:z : cn
ist : z : ?n
isul;it:Z S <?n
3pf
l:at;z : ?nt
ul:it:Z : ^nt
•
ist:Z S ?nt
isul : it:Z S cnt
TABLE 22 (A.S.)
/-PNG-/ paradigms for /zr «/ 'to chase"
in the present.
-PNG#
2s
2pm
2pf
Imper.
z : ?m
z : cnt
Energetic Imoer, Neg. Imper.
t;Z : ?
t:Z s ?m
t:Z : ?nt
adurt ; z : ?
adurt:Z S ?m
adurt :Z S en t
TABLE 23 (A.S.) - Imperative structures for /z:*/ 'to chase'
229
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
-PNG-
Affirm.
Neg.
Interr.
Neg. Interr.
Is
bdix
urbdix
isbdix
isurbdix
2s
tbdit
urtbdit
istbdit
isurtbdit
3sm
ibda
uribdi
isibda
isuribdi
3sf
tbda
urtbdi
istbda
isurtbdi
IP
nbda
un:bdi
isnbda
isurnbdi
2pm
tbdam
urtbdim
Istbda^
isurtbdim
2t>f
tbdant
u^tbdint
istbdant
isurtbdint
3nm
bdan
urbdin
isbdan
isurbdin
3pf
bdant
urbdint
isbdant
isurbdint
TABLE 24 (A.S.) -
'-PNG-/ paradigms for /bda/ f to begin' of
the i./a ablaut in the nast.
-PNG-
Affirm-
Neg.
Interr.
Neg. Interr.
1s
adbdix
urbdrix
isadbdix
isurbdrix
2s
atrbdit
urtbd:it
isat:bdit
isurtbdrit
3sm
adibda
uribd:a
isadibda
isuribdra
3sf
atrbda
urtbdra
isatrbda
isurtbdra
Id
an:bda
umbdra
isanrbda
isurnbdra
2pm
at :bdam
urtbdram
isat :bdam
isurtbdram
2pf
atrbdant
urtbdrant
isatrbdant
isurtbd:ant
3pm
adbdan
urbd:an
isadbdan
isurbdran
3pf
adbdant
urbdrant
isadbdant
isurbdrant
1
TABLE 25 (A.S.)
/-PNG-/ paradigms for ../bda/ 'to begin' of
i./a (only type ablauted) in the future.
the
230
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
-PNG-
Affirm,
Neg.
Interr. Neg. Interr.
Is l:abd:ix
2s l:atbd:it
3sm l:aybd:a
3sf l:atbd:a
Id l:anbd:a
2om l:atbd:am
2Df l:atbd:ant
3nm l:abd:an
3pf l:abd:ant
ulribdrix
ul:itbd:it
ulriybdra
ul:itbd:a
ulrinbdra
ul:itbd:am
ul:itbd:ant
ul:ibd:an
ul:ibd:ant
isbd:ix isul:ibd:ix
istbd:it isul:itbd:it
isibdra isul :iybd:a
istbdra isul:itbd:a
isnbdra isul:inbd:a
istbdram isul:itbd:am
istbdrant isul :ltbd:ant
isbdran isul:ibd:an
isbdiant isul:ibd:ant
TABLE 26 (A.S.) - /-PNG"/ naradigms for /bda/ f to begin' in
the present.
-PNG#
Irrmer.
2s
bda
2t>m
bdam
2of
bdant
Energetic Imper, Neg> Irrmer,
bd:a
bd:am
bdrant
adurbdra
adurbdram
adurbdrant
TABLE 27 (A.S.) - Imperative structures of Ada/ f to besin 1
231
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
~PNG-
Affirm,
Neg,
Interr-
Neg. Interr.
ls
dlix
urdlix
isdlix
isurdlix
2s
tdlit
urdrlit
isdrlit
isurdrlit
3sm
idlu
uridli
isidlu
isuridli
3sf
tdlu
urdrli
isd:lu
isurd: 1 i
lp
ndlu
urndli
isndlu
isurndli
2pm
d:lim
urdrlim
isd:lim
isurdtlim
2pf
drlint
urdrlint
isd:lint
isurd:lint
3t>m
dlin
urdlin
isdlin
isurdlin
3o?
dlint
urdlint
isdlint
isurdlint
TABLE 28 (A.S.) -
/-PNG-/ paradigms for All/ f to cover' of
the i./u ablaut in the nast.
-PNG-
Affirm.
Neg.
Interr.
Neg. Interr.
1s
adrlx
urd:alx
isad:lx
isurd :alx
2s
at:dlt
urtd:alt
isat:dlt
isurtd:alt
3sm
adidl
urid:al
isadidl
isurid:al
3sf
at:dl
urtdral
isatrdl
isurtd:al
Id
an:dl
urndral
isan:dl
isurnd:al
2om
at: dim
urtd:alm
i sat: dim
isurtd:alm
2t>f
at : dint
urtd:alnt
isat:dlnt
isurtd:alnt
3pm
ad: In
urd:aln
isad:ln
isurd:aln
3pf
ad:lnt
urd:alnt
isad:lnt
isurd:alnt
TABLE 29 (A.S.) -
/-PNG-/ paradigms
the future.
for /dl/ 'to cover' In
232
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight The Verb
-PNG-
Affirm,
Neg.
Interr,
Neg, Interr.
Is
l:ad:alx
ul:id:alx
isd:alx
isul:id:alx
2s
l:atd:alt
ul:itd:alt
istdralt
isul:itd:alt
3sm
l:ayd:al
ul:iyd:al
isidral
isul:iyd:al
3sf
l:atd:al
ul:itd:al
istdral
isul:itd:al
Id
l:and:al
ul:Ind:al
isndral
isul:ind:al
2om
l:atd:alm
ul:itd:alm
istdralm
isul:itd:alm
2pf
l:atd:alnt
ulritdralnt
istdralnt
isul:itd:alnt
3om
1 :ad:aln
ul:id:aln
isdraln
isul:id:aln
3ot
l:ad:alnt
ul:id:alnt
isd:alnt
isul:id:alnt
TAELE 30 (A.S.) - /-PNG-/ paradigms for /dl/ 'to cover* in
•hVio nvoeont
the present.
-PNG# Imper. Energetic Irrmer. Neg. Imper
2s dl d:al adurdral
2pm dim d:alm adurd:alm
2t)f dint dralnt adurdrelnt
TABLE 31 (A.S.) - Imperative structures for /dl/ 'to cover*
233
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
-PNG-
Affirm.
Neg.
Interr.
Neg. Interr,
Is
udfx
urudfx
isudfx
isurudfx
2s
tudft
urtudft
istudft
isurtudft
3sm
yudf
uryudf
isyudf
isuryudf
3s f
tudf
urtudf
istudf
isurtudf
In
nudf
unrudf
isnudf
isunrudf
2t>m
tudfm
urtudfm
Istud^m
isurtudfm
2pf
tudfnt
urtudfnt
istudfnt
isurtudfnt
3pm
udfn
urudfn
isudfn
isurudfn
3pf
udfnt
urudfnt
isudfnt
isurudfnt
TABLE 32 (A.S.)
'- PNG-/ paradigms for /adf/ < to enter* of
the a - u ablaut in the r>ast t
-PNG-
Affirm.
Neg.
Interr.
Neg. Interr,
Is
a da dfx
urt :adfx
isadadfx
isurt :adfx
2s
at radft
urt radft
isat radft
isurtrsdft
3sm
adyadf
uritradf
isadyadf
isur:t:adf
3sf
at:adf
urt : adf
isat :adf
isurt :adf
lp
an:adf
urntradf
isan:adf
isumt:adf
2om
at: adf m
urt :adfm
isetradfm
isurt radfm
2pf
atradfnt
urt :adfnt
isatradfnt
isurt : adf nt
3nm
adadfn
urt : adf n
isadadfn
isurt radfn
3pf
adadfnt
urtradfnt
isadadfnt
isurt radfnt
TABLE 33 (A.S.)
/-PNG-/ paradigms for
the future.
/adf/ f to enter' in
234
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
-PNG-
Affirm.
Neg.
Interr.
Neg. Interr.
ls
l:at:adfx
ulritradfx
ist radfx
isul rit radfx
2s
lratradft
ulritradft
istradft
isul rit radf t
3sm
l:ayt :adf
ulriytradf
isitradf
isulriytradf
3sf
l:at:adf
ulritradf
istradf
isul rit radf
It)
lrant radf
ulrintradf
isntradf
isul rint radf
2pm
lratradfnt
ul rit radfm
istradfm
isul rit radfm
2of
lratradfnt
ulritradfnt
ist redfnt
isul ritradfnt
3t)m
l:at:adfn
ulritradfn
ist redfn
isul ritradfn
3pf
lratradfnt
ulritradfnt
ist radfnt
isul rit radfnt
TABLE 3 1 * (A.S.) -
/-PNG-/ oaradigms for /adf/ 'to enter'
the present.
In
-PNG#
Imoer.
Energetic Imper.
1
Neg. Imper.
2s
adf
tradf
adurt radf
2pm
adftfi
t radfm
adurt radfm
2pf
adfnt
tradfnt
adurt radfnt
TABLE 35 (A.S.) - Imperative structures for /adf/ 'to enter'
235
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
-PNG-
Affirm.
Neg.
Interr.
Neg. Interr,
Is
2s
3sm
3sf
iwdx
tiwt:
yiwcl
tiw$
Id
2r>m
niwd
tiwdm
2pf
3Dm
3t)f
t iwdnt
iwdn
iwdnt
u riw$x
urtiwt:
uryiwd
urtiwcl
urniwd
urtiw&n
urtiwdnt
uriwdn
uriwdnt
isiwdx
istiwt:
isyiwd
istiw$
isniwd
istiwclm
istiwcjnt
isiwdn
isiwdnt
isuriwdx
isurtiwt :
isuryiwd
isurtiwcl
•
isurniwd
isurtiwdm
isurt iwdnt
isuriwdn
isuriwdn t
TABLE 36 (A.S.) -
/-PNG-/ oaradigms of /awd/ 'to reach 1 o^
the a - i ablaut in the nast*
-PNG-
Affirm.
Neg.
Interr,
Neg, Interr.
1s
adawdx
urt :aw$x
isadawdx
isurt:aw#x
2s
atrawt :
urttawt:
"'-set :awt :
isurt:aw$:
3sm
adyawd
urit :ew<J
isadyaw<J
isurit :aw$
3sf
at:awd
•
urt: awd
•
isat:aw$
isurt: awd
•
Id
an : awd
urnt :awd
isan:ewd
isurnt :awd
2r>m
at :aw$m
urt rawdm
isattawAm
isurt :awdm
2pf
at :aw$nt
urt rawclnt
isat:aw$nt
isurt :aw$nt
3pm
adawdn
u rt : awdn
i sadawdn
isurt :ew$n
3o r
adawdnt
•
urt rawclnt
•
i sadawdn t
isurt : awdn t
•
TABLE 37 (A.S.) -
/-PNG-/ paradigms of /awd/ 'to reach' in
future.
the
236
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tama zi ght
The Verb
-PNG-
Affirm.
Neg.
Interr.
Neg. Interr.
Is
I:at:aw$x
ulritrawdx
istiawdx
isulritrawdx
2s
l:at:awt:
ul:it:awt:
istrawt :
isul:it:awt:
3sm
l:ayt :aw$
ul:iyt:aw<J
isit rawd
isulriyt :awd
3sf
l:at:awd
ul:it:awd
istrawd
isul: it :awd
IP
1: ant: awd
ul:int:awd
isntrawd
isulrintrawd
2pm
l:at:aw$m
ul:it:aw(Jm
ist:aw<Jn
isul:it:awdm
2pf
l:at:awdnt
ul:it:awjnt
ist:awdnt
isul:it:awdnt
3pm
l:at:aw$n
ul:lt:aw$n
ist:awdn
isul:it:awdn
3pf
l:at:aw$nt
ul:it:awdnt
ist:aw&nt
isul:it:awdnt
TABLE
38 (A.S.)
- /-PNG-/ para
the present.
rH cr^G for
'awd/ f to reach ? in
•PNG#
Imper.
2s
2pm
2of
awd
awdm
awtjnt
Energetic Imper.
Neg. Imper.
t rawd
t:awdm
travnjnt
adurt; awd
adurt :awdm
adurt :awdnt
TABLE 39 (A.S.) - Imperative paradigms of /awd/ 'to reach'.
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
237
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
10
Stem derivations in Ayt Seghrouchen differ slightly in th^ir
realization from those in Ayt Ayache. (See Sample Aooendix B. )
11
Rules for Temporal Modal and Participle derivations in A.S.
are identical with those of A. A. except for the difference
in Temp-Mod Affixes mentioned in #2 - 6 above.
12
Differences in Verb Morphophonemics are here listed for A.S.
Rule 5
/d-t:/
-> dt:
/i-?ard-t :/
.* i?ardt: he invited her
' » • •
Rule 10
/-d-d#/ __
/-d-d-/ —
/i-wa? d-d/-
4
dd:
d:
iwa? dd:
/a d-d-? awn -y / ^ a d :? a wny
he came (+ proximity)
I'll helo (+ proximity)
Rule 13
/-Y-x#/
/f:Y~x/
-> /x:/
-) f:x:
I went out
Rule 17
/r-n#/ -
A m : r-n/-
■} /rn#/
? m:rn
they (m) filled
Rule 18
/l-n#/ -
/s:li n -nA
->
/-m#/
srliln
they (m) rinsed
Rule 19
/_n-m#/
/ad-t-7n-m/"
/-nm#/
at s.nm
Rule 20
/d-s/
/ad-s-i-sal
4 /§ : /
-> asrisal he will ask you (ms)
238
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tama right The Verb
Rule 22 '/d-n/ > n:
/ad-n-sal/ ^ an: sal we will ask
Rule 25 /-s-z-/ > /-s?-/
/s-5ru/ > /szru/ SV of /zru/
Similarly, 26. 27 : /s-S/ > 'sS/
/s-z/ > /sz/
239
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tama right The Verb
Verb Sample Appendices and List
Introduction to Annendix A (from Ayt Ayache)
Appendix A contains 77 unaugmented verb stems and
their derivatives arranged alphabetically according to the
class or sub-class to which V belongs (see Chapter 4 for
classification of verb stems). The alphabetical order for
classes and sub-classes both in the Appendix and the verb list is:
a b b: d d: d d: f f: g g: g g: h h h: i k k: k k:
• • •»•• ••
1 1: 1 1: m m: n n: q q: q q: r r: r r: s s: s s:
• • • * •• ••
& §: t t: t t: u w w: x x: x y y: z z: z z: z z:
<• Y Y: Y
Each of the numbers 1-77 in Appendix A and 1-450 in the
verb list refers to an unaugmented verb stem and its derivatives.
The 450 verb stems represent the verbs of the corpus of
the research on the Ayt Ayache dialect. As they appear in
the verb list, they are grouped into two types: A - unablauted
(1-115)3 B - ablauted (116-450). Each type has two classes,
A and B 3 which in turn are grouped into sub-classes with an
Arabic numeral preceding each sub-class. At the beginning of
each class in the Appendix appears the general underlying structure
of its sub-classes; at the beginning of each sub-class appear
the maximum possibilities for its underlying structure with an
illustrative example or examples used to name the sub-class: e.g.,
in the Appendix Class I of type A appears as
Unablauted
1.
A(B)(C)a
2.
AVC
3.
ABVC
I
appears as
1.
Aa
fa
AB(C)a
sk:a, stka
AVCa
dawa, fuk:a
240
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazi&ht The Verb
Sometimes more examples are shown listed in the Appendix.
There are two major sets for any listing (V and its
derivatives) in the Appendix. One set is that of unaugmented
forms > the other of augmented forms* A maximum of five
listings a) to e) appears ^ in most cases, for each set.
For the unaugmented set:
a) lists V followed by an English translation as
infinitive without f to f . Next to the meaning the
symbol 'ar f means Arabic loan, ^a 1 Moroccan
Arabic loan; no symbol means native or Tamazight.
Finally "t" means transitive, "i" intransitive, "n"
(i.e. neutral) both transitive and intransitive.
b) lists the habitual form of the simple stem VH
c) lists a noun of action derived from the simple stem:
N-act. Parenthesis show a plural if it exists: e.g.
5 c) afuk:a (ifuk:atn) ; or a plural suffix
9 c) s:wal (-at)
d) lists a noun of agent. If no further information
follows, this means that the noun under consideration
is a "Sound" masculine singular (ms) noun which
follows a regular pattern in deriving a masculine
plural (mp), a feminine singular (fs) and a feminine
plural (fp): e.g. 22 d) /amkasf/ 'fortune-teller 1 (ms)
derives: /imkasfn/ (mp), /tamkasft/ (fs), /timka^fin/
(fp). If the derivations do not follow the above
pattern, they are listed with plurals (or plural
prefixes) in parenthesis: e.g.
4F
**
This information is, of course, debatable. However, the
author 1 s native knowledge of Arabic, the discussion of these
verb stems and their derivatives with the informant and the
consultation of various dictionaries, such as Wehr's and
Harrell's lead the author to the conclusions shown in this
Appendix.
Numbers refer to the place of V in Appendix A.
24l
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight The Verb
36 d) bulhmram (id-)
m:lhm:A-m (ist-)
Some nouns are followed by *f which means that mp
is a possible derivation whereas fs and fp are not:
e.g. 28 d) abr:ah ; *f
e) lists a noun (ms or fs) followed by (instr. ) if it
is a noun of instrument, (loc. ) if it is a noun of
place, or (occup.) if it is a noun of occupation:
e.g.
36 e) lhm:am (loc. )
46 e) l?bra (instr.)
Plurals appear in parenthesis if they exist.
Augmented stems appear in this order: Causative, Reciprocal,
and Passive. The maximum number of forms that any augmented
stem can show is three a) to c) where
a) lists causative SV, reciprocal MV, passive TuV which
are all derived from unaugmented V
b) lists habitual forms of causative SVH, of reciprocal
MVH, of passive TuVH.
c) lists a N-act derived from the causative SV or
the reciprocal MV (rather then from V): e.g.
25 c ) am? awan
a) and b) of the recipro-causative forms appear partly
in the causative and partly in the reciprocal columns. These are;
a) MSV
b) MSVH
e.g. 4 a) msfafa
b) t: msfafa
Appendix A is compiled on the basis of derivation and
242
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight The Verb
occurrence. That is, V is the starting formative from
which the other forms are derived by rules of generative
grammar.
The justification of the horizontal order,
a) V SV MSV MV TuV
is based on derivation of all augmented forms from V.
Note that some MSV ! s can occur without corresponding SV's
which shows they are derived from V ! s: e.g.
43 a) mslram
b) t:msl:am
The order SV MSV MV is justified by the derivation of
MSV from SV. The Passive is the form with the
least occurrence and the one the least used even when it
occurs. The informant said that it is preferrable to use
the active rather than the passive as much as possible.
Its main occurrence is with the third person, however it may
occur with other persons. Sometimes a passive is derived
from SV; e.g. 33 TuSV (t:usfrh)j for these reasons, the
passive form is put last.
The justification of the vertical order is that all
forms on lines b) and c) are derived from a). Forms on line d)
are derived (in many instances) from c): e.g.
29 a) bs:r
b) t:bs:ar
c) ab§:r
d) ab§:ar
Pirequency of occurrence is also an important factor (see footnote).
*
For percentages of occurrence, see Abdel-Massih, Ernest,
Tamazight Verb Structure; A Generative Approach , University
of Indiana :Bloomingt on, 1971, Table yy. The total number of the
unaugmented verb stems (450) comprises the 100# shown in the
table; the other percentages listed are based on the total
number of the unaugmented verb stems (450 « 100$). The
percentage of SV is 35-115 MV 31.11, MSV 13-55, TuV 31.77,
N-act 78.22, N-agt 19*33 and N-instr, loc, occup 3.33.
243
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight The Verb
The system shown in Appendix A is an open system. Thus,
for example, 20 /hadr/ 'be present' has /shadr/ - SV,
/shadar/ - SVH whereas 78 /kasf/ 'foretell' has no causative
stems. The causative of /kasf/ is left blank, however,
if a native speaker of Tamazight supplies a causative
for this stem it will be one that the generative rules
for causative derivation have stated in 71.4.3. The same is
true for other derivations.
Throughout the Appendix transitivity is marked only
for V and VH. SV's (and SVH's) are necessarily transitive
whether or not the underlying V is transitive. TuV's are
mainly derived from transitive V's; however, TuV's (and
TuVH's) are intransitive and have as their subject the direct
object of V's.
All the above information applies to Appendix B (from
Ayt Seghrouchen), except that Appendix B is not followed by a
Verb List as is Appendix A.
2hh
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
Verb Sample Appendix A (Ayt Ayache)
A. Unablauted
1. || A(B)(C)a H
i. 2. HavcII
3. IIabvdI!
1.
HAa||
||AB(C)a
II AVCa ||
■^
J
fa
sk:a , stka
dawa , fukra
Unaugmented
Augmented
Causative
Reciprocal
Passive
1
a)
dawa 'cure 1
ar t
sdawa
t:udawa
b)
t : dawa
sdawa
t:Udawa
c)
adawa (idawatn)
2
a)
b)
c)
dr : a f do harm 1
•
t : dr : a
•
d:arar (id-)
ar t
t : udr : a
9
t:udr ; a
m
3
a)
b)
fa f yawn f
t : fa
i
sfa
sfa
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
245
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
k
$
a) fafa 'wake up*
b) t s fafa
a) fuk : a 'undo, get ar t
someone
out of
trouble*
b) t : fuk : a
c) afukja (ifuk : atn)
a) sk s a 'doubt' ar i
b) t s sk : a
c) s : k;
a) stka 'complain' ar i
b) t : stka
c) astka (istkatn)
1
1
sfafa
sfafa
a) msfafa
b) t: msfafa
sfukxa
sfuk:a
a) msfuk s a
b) t:D
isfuk : a
msk:a
t:usk:a
t : msk • a
t:usk : a
t:ustka
— -—_ ^
t:ustka
246
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
2. ||AVC||
sal, Sib, ?um
8
a)
"b)
q : is 'tell
stories'
t : q : is
ar t
~"
m : q : is
t:mq : is
A
9
a)
sal 'ask'
ar t
m : sal
t:usal
b)
t : sal
t : msal
t : usal
c)
s : wal (-at)
10
a)
b)
c)
sib 'become
white-
haired'
t : sib
S:ib
a sib an; # fp
ar i
11
a)
b)
c)
d)
?um 'swim'
t:?um
ta^umt
a^w;am
ar i
s^um
s?um
a)
m: s^m *
b)
t ; m- s ?um
I
* 'bathe 1
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
2^7
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Oramgiar
Tamazight
The Verb
3. i| ABVD||
xtar, slil, gzul
■ ■—■ r
12
a) an-.ay 'see 1
t
rayan : ay
t : uyan : ay
b ) t : an : ay
t ; ray an : ay
t;uyan ; ay
13
a) azum f fast f
b ) t : azum
ar t
Ik
a) gzul *be short 1
b) t:gzul
c) tagzli
i
s : gzul
s : gzul
1$
a) i^il »be nice 1
b) tsizil
c) t : az : lt
i
s : izil
s s izil
•
16
a) slil »rinse !
b) t 8 slil
c) aslil
t
t : uslil
t:uslil
17
a) tsar f make dirty'
b) t : tsar
f t
t;utsar
•
t s utsar
•
18
a) xtar » choose 1
ar t
s : xtar
t:uxtar
•
b) t s xtar
s-xtar
*
t:uxtar
•
248
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
11.
AVCD
hadr, d:irz,
• • * *
hudr
19
a) d:irz 'step back 1
b) t-.diriz
i
sd:irz
sd:iriz
i
20
a) hadr 'be
present'
b) t : hadar
c) ahadr
• •
ar i
shadr
• •
shadar
# •
21
a) hudr 'bend,
be low 1
b) t 5 hudur
c ) ahudr
* •
i
shudr
•
shudur
22
a) kasf 'foretell'
b ) t : kasaf
c) akasf
d) amkasf
ar i
t:ukasf
t;ukasaf
23
a) safr 'travel'
b) t:safar
c) s : fr
d) amsafr
ar i
1
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
249
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
*k
25
a) zawr f be ar t
neighbor 1
b) t:2awar
c) azawr
d) ad:2ar
a) ?awi f help f
b) t : ?awan
c) a?awn
d) am^awn
ar n
s?awn
s^awan
mzawar
t : mSawar
m?awan
t s m?awan
am^awan
t;u?awn
t:u?awan
B. Ablaut ed
i.
[
1.
2.
3.
0]
l|AB(:)/Zft)||
j|aBJ0D||
l|0B:^D|i
1. i|AB(:)j0D||
frjtfh
-*frh
fs:j#r-
fs:r
Unaugmented
Augmented
Causative
Reciprocal
Passive
26
a) bdr »mention» t
b) bd-.r
s-bdr
s : bdar
t:ubdr
t:ubdar
250
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
2?
28
29
30
a) "bd:l Change 1
b) t-.bd-.al
c) abd:l
ar t
a) br ; h ! announce , ma i
b) t:br s ali
o / ctux ; n
d) abr-.afr • * f
a) bs : r f give good ar i
news'
b ) t : b s : ar
c) abs ; r
d) abi:ar
a) b*d f be far f
b) t:b?ad
c) ab?ad (^Ib^d)
ar i
sbd:l
sbd:al
mbd:al
t:mbd:al
a) msbd:al
b) t-.msbd:al
sbcUr
sbs;ar
s : b?d
S:b?ad
mb§:ar
t:mbs;ar
a) msb^ad
b) t:msbcad
t ; ubd:l
t : ubd-.al
t:ubs:r
t;ubs : ar
251
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
31
32
a) dim
b) t:dhan
c ) adhan
f rub
ointment 1
ar t
33
a) f$r
b) fd:r
c) Ifdur
*take
lunch f
ar i
a) frh f be happy 1 ar i
b) t : frah *» fr s h
c) afrah
3k
a) fs : r 'explain 1 ar t
b) t;fs ; ar
c) afs : r
s : fdr
s s fdar
•
m:dhan
t ; m: dhan
a) msfdar
b) t; msfdar
s : frli
s;frah
a) msfrah
b) t: msfrah
mfs : ar
t s mf s s ar
t : udhn
t:udhan
t : ufrh
t:ufrah
t : usfrh*
t-.usfrah
t : uf s s r
t s uf s s ar
* this passive is derived from the causative rather than
from the unaugmented verb stem
252
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
3£
36
37
38
hbs imprison 1 ar t
t:hbas
ahb;as
lhbs (loc # )
hm:m 'bathe 1 ar i
t:h.m:am
ahirum
bulhnuam (id-)
nislhmsam (ist-)
lljLm:am (id-) (loc,)
hsm
•govern,
judge 1
ar i
t:hsam
lljsam
lhak ; m (lhk ; am)
hz : m f wear a
belt*
ar i
t:^LZ : am
ahz-in
Ihzam (id-) (instrj
shm:m
siunjam
t:uhbs
t:uhbas
t;u"h.sm
t j uhsam
mhz : am
t:inhz;am
253
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
39
i*0
a) nsb f make stew 1 ma i
b) t-.nsab
c) ansab
i
ia
a) nsr ! saw f
b) ns.r
c) ansar
d)
e) lmnsar (id-)
ar t
(instr, )
k2
a) rgrn t insult 1 ar t
b) rg : m
c ) argam
a) sl;k f give a ar t
reasonable
price 1
b) t:sl s alc
c) asl ; k
d) amsl : k
ij-3 a) sl s m 'greet*
b ) t : si • am
c) sl:am
* f be tolerant 1
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
ar 1
254
m: rgam
t s mrgam
a) msl-ak*
b) t s msl : ak
msl : am
t:msl s am
t : unsr
t s unsar
t:urgm
t:urgam
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
kh
a) xdm ! work f
b) xd:m
c ) lxdrat
d) axd:am
ar n
h$
1+6
hi
a)zdm 'collect wood 1 t
b) zd:ni
c ) az dam
d ) az d : am
a)?br ! measure, ar t
wei gh. !
b) t:?bar
c) l?bar
d) a?b ; ar ; * f
e) l<?bra (-t) (instr.)
s : xdm
s : xdam
a)?m : r »fill»
b) t:<?m : ar
c) a?m s r
ar t
a) msxdam
b ) t : msxdam
m?m : ar
t:m<^m:ar
t : uxdm
t : uxdam
t:u?br
t : u?bar
255
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
k&
a) ylsf 'wrap'
•
b) t : yl : af
c) ayl:f
•
ar t
t;UYl:f
t:uyl:af
2.
aBjZfo||
am0z
am^
ij-9
a)
b)
agm f bring water t
from a well 1
t: agm
50
a)
amn f believe f ar n
myaman
b)
t:amn
t:myaman
51
a)
b)
c)
amr f order 1 ar i
t:amr
lamr (lannr)
52
a)
amz »take* t
rayamaz
t:uyuinz
b)
t s amz
t : myamaz
t : uyamaz
c)
uiruz ** vltdz ** imz
53
a)
asy f carry 1 t
s : isy
myasay
t : uyusy
b)
t:asy
S;asay
t:myasay
ttuyasay
c)
isy
256
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
$k
a) awd 'reach*
9
n
S: iwd
#
i^yawad
•
b ) t : awd
•
S:awad
•
t:myawad
tt
a) awy f tai:e away 1
t
S: iwy
myaway
b ) t : awy
s ; away
t : myaway
OB:0D
Of:0r
-►f :r
a) b»y 'cut'
b) t : b : y
c) ubuy
t
myab : ay
t:rayab : ay
57
a) f,r 'hide*
b) t:f:r
c ) tuf ra
t
myaf s ar
t : myaf : ar
58
a) f : y tgo out 1
b) tsf»Y
c) ufuy
i
S;Ufy
S:Ufuy
59
a) k : r tget up'
b) t : k : r
i
257
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
60
a) z s y 'milk'
b) t:z : y
t
■
61
a) Z'.f 'dismiss'
t
myaz • a<?
t:UZ : <r
b) t : z : <?
t ; myaz : a?
t:uyaz;a?
ii. 0:i/a
1. HaB 0(D)ll
[+Met] [+Met]
2. ||(A)B(:^||
+Met]
3. || (A(:) )B(:)0V\\
[+diff]
1.
Has 0\\ 1
[-Met] [-Met]
II aB jZfoll
[-Met] [+Met]
||a B 0D\\
[+Met ] [+Met ]
SLtfH
as :0k
-¥ af
as : k0 — ► as : k
ar^r » rarjZf > rar
62
a) af f find*
t
myafa
t:uyufa
b) t : afa
t:myafa
t:uyafa
63
a) as : k f be lost 1
b ) t : a s : ka
c) us:ki
i
myas ; ka
t s myas:ka
258
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
6^
a) rar Return, n
give back 1
b ) t : rara
c ) tarar it ;
mrara
t:mrara
i|OB(: )
[ -Met]
2. J || AB( : ) l||
[ -Met]
|| AB HI
[ +Met]
OgjZf ► g , Og:0 ¥ g:0
ls,0 ► Is , bd:0 ».bd:
gjZfr ► gr
65
a) bd: f stand up 1
b) t:bd;a
c) ibd:i
i
sbd:
sbd:a
66
a) g ! be, do 1
b) t:g : a
n
myag : a
t : myag : a
67
a) gr ! throw away*
b) g : ar
c) taguri
•
t
m:gar
t : m : gar
68
a) g: ! knead !
•
b) t:g : a
c) tig:it
•
t
259
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
69
a)
b)
c)
k : f pass, visit 1
t:k ; a
tik : it
t
S : ik:
S:ak-a
'
a) msak : a
b ) t : msak : a
70
a)
Is 'get dressed 1
t
S: Is
t:ulsa
b)
Is i&
S; lsa
t:ulsa
c)
mlsiwt
II OB :^u i|
||A(:)B0u
||AB:/Zfu||
I! is0±\\
Od:J#u
g:r0u
*d:0u.
ir0i -
~* d:u
-* g:ru , sm0u
— *d:u
— iri
sou
71
a) d:u »go f i
b) t:d:U
c) tawada (tiwadiwin)
,
S:udu
S;UdU
***
260
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
72
73
a) g ; ru *be last 1
b) t:g : ru
c)
d) ang : aru
tang:arut:
(ing s ura)
(ting : ura)
7k
75
76
77
a) srau 'smoke 1 ma t
b) t;sm s u "* sm s u
c ) Ismiyt
d) asm: ay ; - f
a) ?d:u f abound 1 ar i
b) t:*d:U
a) ili t exist, be* i
b) t:ili
a) ini *say t
b) t : ini
a) iri 'want 1
b) t : iri
c ) tayri
n
sg ; ru
sg-.ru
a) msg:ru*
b) t:msg:ru
s:mu
s : mu
s*d:u
S?d:U
my mi
t : myini
myiri
t:myiri
* f a£ree f
26l
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
List of Verbs (Ayt Ayache )
A • Unablauted
A.i.l.
fa, sk : a, stka, dawa, fuk : a
1.
dawa
1 cure 1
ar
t
2.
dr ; a
•
f do harm 1
ar
t
3.
fa
f yawn f
i
k.
fafa
'wake up f
i
$.
fd:a
9
1 finish'
ar
t
6.
fuk : a
'undo, get
someone out
of trouble 1
ar
t
7.
hri:a
'be peaceful 1
ar
i
8.
hr : a
'tickle 1
ma
t
9.
hada
1 touch 1
t
10.
hd:a
! end !
ar
i
11.
hn : a
'pity'
ar
i
12.
hs : a
•
! cut grass 1
ar
t
13.
q:la
ffryf
ar
t
11]..
qr : a
' confess 1
ar
i
15.
ra«?a
•
'look at'
ar
t
16.
rb : a
' educate'
ar
t
17.
sqsa
'ask'
ar
t
18.
sk;a
'doubt'
ar
i
19.
stka
'complain'
ar
i
20.
sq-.a
'disturb'
t
262
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tama sight
The Verb
21.
wala
22.
warya
23.
WS;a
2k.
xs ; a
8
25.
«?f : a
26.
<?l : a
27.
?z s a
28.
Y?:a
29.
YS:a
! be near 1 t
1 dream 1 t
'advise 1 ar t
! be necessary 1 ar i
f be disgusted 1 ar t
I ascend 1 ar t
'console 1 ar t
I I empt f ar t
1 cheat 1 ar t
A.i.2
sal, sib, <?um
30.
dur
•
1 turn '
ar
i
31.
huf
#
' jump on f
i
32.
k;US
'inherit 1
t
33.
lum
'blame 1
ar
t
3k.
mun
'accompany'
i
35.
n : ar
'fight'
i
36.
q:is
'tell stories
1 ar
t
37.
sal
'ask'
ar
t
38.
sul
'remain'
i
39.
sus
'shake off
t
ko.
sud
• •-
'blow'
t
kl.
sal
'buy grain'
ar
t
1*2.
sib
'become
white-haired
ar
t
i
263
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
lj-3.
s s ar
Uk.
zur
k$.
zur
•
1+6.
?um
k7.
Yal
1+8.
yus
1 share 1
'be fat'
•visit ar
holy places 1
1 swim 1
' think t
f be burnt 1
ar
t
i
t
i
i
i
A.i.3.
xtar, slil, gzul
k9.
an; ay
1 see 1
t
5o.
arid
'be
washed'
i
5i.
azum
•
'fast' ar t
52.
ayul
f go
back'
i
53.
bxin
'be
black'
i
$k.
drus
'be
in
little
quantity'
i
%.
f sus
'be
light'
i
56.
gzul
'be
short'
i
57.
izil
•
'be
nice'
i
58.
iyiy
'be
able'
i
59.
Iwiy
'be
tender'
i
60.
mziy
'be
small'
i
61.
myur
'grow up'
i
62.
sdid
'be
thin'
i
63.
slil
'rinse'
t
264
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
6k.
sunn
65.
smld
»
66.
sdin
•
67.
tsar
•
68,
wray
69.
wsir
70.
xtar
71.
zwar
72.
zwiy
73.
yzif
'collect 1
f be cold 1
! be short 1
f make dirty 1
! be yellow 1
f be old 1
1 choose 1
f to precede 1
'be red 1
'be tall'
ar
t
i
i
t
i
i
t
t
i
i
A.ii.
hadr, d:irz 5 hudr
Ik.
d:irz
'step back 1
i
75,
d:Uk : l
'make friends
t
t
76.
d:iq.s
•burst out 1
i
77.
hadr
• •
f be present 1
ar
i
78.
hafd
! keep f
ar
i
79.
harz
* •
'forbid 1
t
80.
hars
'prevent 1
ar
t
81.
hasb
•
'count'
ar
t
82.
hawl
•
'take one's
time doing
something'
ma
i
83.
hudr
'bend,
be low'
i
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
265
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
8lj..
kasf
85.
q:abl
86.
safr
87.
samh.
88.
sa<?d
89.
sa*f
90.
S:udm
91.
s s ufs
92.
S:Uk s f
93.
s : urf
9I4-.
sawr
95.
talb
•
96.
waif
97.
wazb
98.
xabr
99.
xadr
100.
xasm
101.
xatr
102.
xulf
103.
zawg;
lOij..
zayd
105.
zuz 5 r
106.
zawd
* «
107.
Z:uyr
•foretell 1 ar i
f take care of 1 t
•travel 1 ar i
•forgive 1 ar i
'help 1 ar t
f be patient 1 ma t
•kiss* t
! spit f n
•uproot 1 t
•stride over 1 t
•consult 1 ar t
•demand,
apply •
ar
t
f get
accustomed 1
ar
t
•answer 1
ar
n
•inform 1
ar
t
•risk 1
ar
i
•quarrel 1
ar
i
•be old 1
i
•differ*
ar
i
•ask
protection 1
ma
i
•add 1
ar
t
•winnow 1
t
•throw away 1
t
•drag f
t
266
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
108. zahd
109. zawb
110 . zawr
111. *ad;r
112. ?awd
113. ?awn
lllj.. ?ayd
11^. y^ w 1
! compete with 1 ma t
1 answer 1 ar n
f be neighbor 1 ar t
f meet f i
'repeat 1 ar n
! help f ar n
f go back 1 ar i
1 hurry up 1 i
B.
Ablauted
B.i.l.
frh, fs : r
116.
bdr
•mention 1
t
117.
bdsl
•change 1
ar
t
118.
bh ; t
•investigate 1
ar
t
119.
bl:Y
'deliver'
ar
t
120.
bry
•grind*
t
121.
br : bt
'announce'
ma
i
122.
br : m
' turn '
ar
t
123.
bs 5 r
'give good
news*
ar
i
122|.
bx s r
'burn incense
do harm'
, ar
i
125.
bzy
'be wet, proud'
i
126.
b?d
'be far'
ar
i
267
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
127.
brd
128.
dby
129.
db : r
130.
dhn
131.
dhs
132.
dls
133.
dw : x
134.
dhr
•
135.
dim
136.
dlj*
137.
dmn
•
138.
dr : <f
139.
f
llj-O.
d?n
lip-.
dys
ll|2.
fdh
•
llf-3.
fdr
144.
fhm
Ik*.
flh
•
146.
fiy
11+7.
fl:h
•
148.
frd
149.
frh
'hate' ar
! dye' ar
'manage 1 ar
'rub ar
ointment 1
1 faint, ar
become dizzy'
1
t
'massage'
ar
t
'become
dizzy'
ar
t
'appear'
ar
i
'oppress'
ar
t
'flatten bread'
t
'guarantee'
ar
t
'scream'
i
'be weak'
ar
i
' stab '
ar
t
' li e down '
t
'reveal a
secret'
ar
t
'take lunch'
ar
i
'understand'
ar
t
'succeed'
ar
i
' t ear '
t
'to live on
agriculture'
ar
i
' sweep'
t
'be happy'
ar
i
268
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
i5o.
frs «
attack 1
ar
t
i5i.
fry 1
'build a
fence 1
t
152.
fry 1
f be crooked 1
ar
i
153.
fr : d '
'change
mon ey f
ar
t
154.
fr : n 1
'weed 1
t
155.
fr : z '
clarify*
ar
t
156.
fr : z 1
r look at 1
ar
i
157.
fr-.Y 1
'pour 1
ar
i
158.
fr«?
•
'break open 1
t
159.
fsd
'be spoiled*
ar
i
160.
fsr
r spread 1
t
161.
fsy
■melt*
t
162.
f s : r
' explain *
ar
t
163.
ftl
'roll*
ar
t
16I|_.
gmr
'hunt 1
i
165.
gz:r
'butcher 1
ar
t
166.
hbl
'become
silly t
ar
i
I67.
hdm
'demolish 1
ar
t
168.
hw : l 1
'trouble 1
ar
t
169.
hzm
'attack 1
ar
i
170.
hbs
•
'imprison 1
ar
t
171.
hl:q
'dress up 1
ma
t
172.
hljs 1
•
r saddle'
t
173.
hml 1
•
'flood 1
ma
i
269
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
17k.
hm:m
175.
hr : f
176.
hr : s
177.
hrm
• •
178.
hrs
179.
hsm
•
180.
hs;m
•
181.
hz :m
182.
kmz
183.
krz
l8ij..
l<?b
185.
mdy
186.
mgr
187.
rary
188.
ndm
189.
ndr
190.
ndl
•
191.
nfd
192.
nfh
•
193.
nq. : l
19^.
nq s r
195.
nq : z
196.
nsb
' bathe 1
ar
i
1 carry 1
t
1 shake, move
something 1
ar
t
'bs
forbidden*
ar
i
f be sharp 1
ar
i
'govern,
judge 1
ar
i
f be polite 1
ar
i
! wear a belt 1
ar
i
1 scratch 1
t
f plough f
t
f play f
ar
t
f set a trap 1
t
f harvest f
t
f rub f
t
•regret 1
ar
i
'moan'
i
f bury f
t
' throw 1
ar
t
'sniff
tobacco 1
ar
t
'transplant 1
ar
t
'shake off
ar
t
'jump'
ma
i
'make stew'
ma
i
270
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
197.
nsd
* »
'blow one's
nose
t
198.
nsr '
'saw 1
ar
t
199.
ntf
'depilate 1
ar
t
200.
ntl
■hide*
i
201.
nzl
! spur f
t
202.
nzy '
'pull'
ar
t
203.
nzm
'escape 1
ar
i
201;.
n2r
'sharpen 1
ar
t
205.
n-c-l
'curse 1
ar
t
206.
qdr
'be able'
ar
i
207.
qd? '
'register
a marriage 1
ar
i
208.
ql:b
'check'
ar
t
209.
qi:q
'be worried'
ar
i
210.
qr : b i
'be near'
ar
i
211.
qr : r
'decide'
ar
i
212.
qr : s i
'bite'
ar
t
213.
qsh i
'be solid,
strong'
ma
i
211;.
qsd '
'intend,
go toward'
ar
t
215.
qm s r «
. *
gamble'
ar
i
216.
rbh <
•
'succeed,
gain '
ar
t
217.
rdm '
f demolish 1
ar
t
218.
rdl «
•
loan'
t
The Verb
271
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
219.
rgl
220.
rgm
221.
rhl
9
222.
rhm
•
223.
rkm
221;.
rkz
225.
rzm
»
226.
rzn
• * •
227.
rzm
•
228.
r?b
•
229.
sb : b
230.
sh : r
231. slsk
232. sl : m
233* sn : d
23I4.. srm
'close, lock 1
1 insult 1 ar
'move' ar
'have ar
mercy on 1
'boil'
1 tread 1
1 open'
! be patient 1 ar
'throw ar
stones at 1
f be amazed ar
at'
'trade 1 ma
'perform ar
magic'
'give a ar
reasonable
price'
'greet' ar
'lean ar
against'
'peel, have
diarrhea'
t
t
i
t
i
i
t
i
t
1
i
1
i
23^* sr : h
23 6 • sty
237- ?br
238. sfd
239. sra : r
liberate 1
filter*
ar
*be patient, ar
wait 1
■wipe 1
•nail* ar
t
t
i
t
t
272
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
21+0.
srf
•
21+1.
sr : f
•
21*2.
srd
• * •
21+3.
sxd
21+1+.
sy : d
21+5.
sy ; f
21+6.
sb : r
21+7.
sf 5 r
21+8.
sk-m
21+9.
skr
250.
sm : l
251.
sm : t
252.
snf
2$3.
sn?
2 51+.
srf
255.
srm
256.
srd
• •
257.
srh
9>
258.
sty
259.
sth
• •
260.
st s b
261.
tfs
« »
262.
trz
1 spend money 1
ar
t
1 change
mon ey •
ar
t
•swallow 1
t
1 curse 1
ar
i
•hunt*
ar
t
•harvest
summer crops
ar
i
i
•cling to 1
i
•steal 1
ma
t
•denounce 1
ma
i
•praise 1
ar
t
•finish 1
ar
t
•cheat 1
t
•roast 1
t
•be
prevalent 1
ma
i
•tie»
t
•shrivel up 1
i
•comb,
stipulate 1
ar
t
•envy 1
ar
t
•recall 1
t
•dance 1
ma
i
• sweep 1
ma
t
•fold f
t
•embroider*
ar
t
273
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Refei
*ence Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
263.
whl '
get tired 1
ar
i
261;.
Wk;l !
'appoint as ar
representative 1
t
265.
wq.: r '
'respect 1
ar
t
266.
ws s x '
'make dirty 1
ar
t
267.
"WX:T !
'go back 1
ar
i
268.
wzn !
'weigh 1
ar
t
269.
wzd 1
r be ready 1
ar
i
270.
w^r 1
f be hard 1
ar
i
271.
xdm !
r work f
ar
n
272.
xd?
'deceive 1
ar
t
273.
xl : S j
• •
'pay for 1
ar
t
27k.
xmz
'smell bad 1
ma
i
275.
xm;in *
think,
worry 1
ar
i
276.
xr s f 1
'harvest
fall crops 1
ma
t
277*
xsr !
'fail, be
spoilt 1
ar
i
278.
xw s n '
steal 1
ar
t
279.
xzn *
'store, hide 1
ar
t
280.
zdm 1
'collect wood
t
t
281.
zdr ■
sink 1
i
282.
zdy !
'dwell 1
t
283.
zgl '
miss 1
t
281;.
zrb 1
'hurry f
i
285.
zry 1
leave, pass 1
t
274
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
286.
zr? '
sow 1
ar
t
287.
zw:q '
color 1
ar
t
288.
z?f '
get mad 1
ma
i
289.
zbr '
f come back 1
ar
i
290.
zhd '
f be strong 1
ar
i
291.
zrh '
*
r injure 1
ar
t
292.
*bd '
'worship,
adore 1
ar
t
293.
?br '
'measure,
weigh 1
ar
t
294.
?dl
'repair 1
ar
t
295.
<?d:b
'torture 1
ar
t
296.
<?m:r '
'fill'
ar
t
297.
*nq 1
'try hard
without
success 1
ma
t
298.
*q:d '
'tie, start
a fire 1
ar
t
299.
^q:l
'remember 1
ar
t
300.
?rd
•
'invite 1
t
301.
?rm
'know of
something'
i
302.
?s : s
'guard 1
ar
n
303.
?sq
'love 1
ar
t
301]..
?t:r 1
'be late'
ar
i
305.
Y ly 1
'pass over'
i
306.
yml
'become
rotten'
ma
i
307.
yms
'cover'
i
275
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
308.
yns
'wear'
t
309.
1 • •
1 stretch leg 1
t
310.
YTf
'to flatten
bread 1
t
311.
yrm
'indemnify 1
ar
t
312.
YTS
•slaughter 1
i
313.
Y ry
1 abort 1
i
31!+.
Yfr
•
'forgive 1
ar
t
315.
Yl:f
'wrap 1
ar
t
B« X • eL •
amp
316.
adr
317.
afd
•
318.
agl
319.
agm
320.
akz
321.
aly
322.
aim
323.
amr
321^.
ams
325.
amz
«
326.
anf
327.
arf
328.
arm
' bury '
i
'be sent'
i
'hang'
t
'bring water
from a well'
t
'recognize'
t
'climb'
t
'believe'
ar
n
'order'
ar
i
'paint'
t
'take'
t
'open'
t
'pop popcorn'
t
'taste 1
t
276
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
329.
arw
•give birth 1
t
330.
asy
• carry •
t
331.
asr
•steal'
t
332.
asy
f be aware 1
i
333.
awd
•
1 reach 1
n
334.
awl
f get married 1
t
335.
awy
! take away 1
t
336.
azn
1 send 1
t
337.
azd
• •
•stretch hand 1
t
B.i.3.
f-.r
338.
b : y
•cut'
t
339.
d:d
•suckle 1
t
3^0.
f:r
•hide'
t
3a.
f:Y
•go out 1
i
3k2.
g:d
*
•be frightened 1
i
3k3.
g:Z
#
•descend 1
t
3kk.
k s r
•get up 1
i
3hS
k;S
•take out 1
t
3¥>.
l:m
• spin •
t
3^7.
1:Y
•lick*
t
3^8.
m:Y
•get wet 1
i
3^9.
n : d
•
•stick*
i
350.
q:d
•burn 1
t
277
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazipht
The Verb
351.
qa
'wait'
i
352.
q:n
'shut'
t
353.
q:S
1 prick 1
t
351J-.
t:l
•roll*
t
3^.
t:r
'ask'
t
356.
h f
'keep 1
t
357.
z : r
1 depilate 1
t
358.
?-.y
»milk»
t
359.
Z : ?
•dismiss'
t
360.
z : y
•recover from
an illness'
t
B.ii
.1.
af, as:k, rar
3bl.
adz
'let'
t
362.
af
'find'
t
363.
ar
'be empty, empty'
i
361]..
as :
'tie, bind'
t
365.
as : k
'be lost'
i
366.
az : l
'run'
i
367.
g»al»
' swear '
i
368.
lal
•be born'
i
369.
rar
'return,
give back'
n
370.
z : al :
'pray' ar
t
278
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight The Verb
B.ii.2. g, g : , Is, bd; , gr
371.
bd:
'stand up 1
i
372.
fz s
'chew'
t
373.
g
'be, do'
n
371J-.
gm
'grow 1
i
375.
gn
1 sleep 1
i
376.
gr
1 throw away 1
t
377.
g:
•
'knead'
t
378.
ks
! tend sheep
or cattle 1
t
379.
k:
'pass, visit'
t
380.
Is
'get dressed 1
t
381.
ns
1 spend the
night'
i
382.
nz
'be for sale'
i
383.
ny
'kill'
t
381*..
rz
• •
'break'
t
385.
ry
'warm oneself
i
386
Si:
'hear'
i
387.
sy
'buy'
t
388.
V
s
'give'
i
389.
si
'spend a day'
i
390.
ts
• •
'laugh'
i
391.
zl
'lose'
t
392.
5*
'grind'
t
279
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
393.
zd
•weave 1
t
394.
?Z:
•be dear 1
ar i
395.
Y?
•read,
call out*
n
396.
yz
•dig'
t
397.
YZ;
Crunch 1
t
B.ii.3
d:u, g:ru, bdu, ^d:U, iri
398.
"bdu
1 begin 1
ar
t
399.
bdu
•
1 cut 5 share 1
t
1+00.
bnu
•build 1
ar
t
401.
d?u
•pray for,
prosecute 1
ar
i
402.
d:u
fg t
i
403.
fru
•pay debts 1
t
404.
ftu
•dictate 1
ar
t
405.
f : u
•dawn 1
i
406.
gnu
1 sew 1
t
407.
g s ru
•be last 1
i
408.
bdu
•give a
present 1
ar
t
409.
hdu
• •
•watch over 1
t
410.
hfu
•
•be, become
dull*
ma
i
411.
hlu
•be nice 1
ar
i
280
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Vex»t>
1|12.
hum
4
1+13 .
hr : u
*
klk.
k s u
14-15.
mhu
1+16.
qdu
1
1A7
qwu
ill 8.
rdu
i|19.
rsu
•
i|20.
rsu
i|21.
rzu
i|22.
rzu
i|23.
r:U
i|2i|.
sxu
i|25.
SjU
i|26.
sfu
•
!|27.
shu
•
i|28.
sdu
•
i|29.
smu
i+30.
snu
i|31.
sru
k32.
swu
i|-33.
xlu
i|3i|.
xwu
f be hot
weather 1
ar
i
f be hot
(food) 1
ar
i
*cut grass 1
t
1 erase 1
ar
t
'accomplish 1
ar
t
*be fat»
ar
i
! bless T
ar
i
f be quiet 1
ar
i
f be dirty 1
ma
i
f look for 1
t
f hope f
ar
t
f win f
t
tbe
generous 1
ar
i
! make the bed
?
t
f be clean,
clear 1
ar
i
f be healthy 1
ar
i
1 smell 1
t
1 smoke 1
ma
t
f kneel f
ar
i
f rent !
ar
t
f be sharp 1
i
! ruin f
ar
n
f be empty 1
ar
n
281
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
The Verb
K35.
X;U
f "be mean 1
i
1*36.
ZWU
f "be dry'
ar
i
437.
Z:U
'plant'
t
438.
zru
'happen'
ar
i
439.
"dxu
Abound 1
ar
i
kko.
ffu
f f or give 1
ar
i
kkl.
?mu
'be blind 1
ar
n
442.
mu
f undergo f
ar
t
443.
?su
1 disobey 1
ar
t
444.
ybu
f be deep 1
i
445.
ylu
'be
expensive 1
ar
i
w>.
yinu
'paint'
t
kin.
Ynu
'be rich'
ar
i
w.
ili
'exist, be'
i
kh9.
ini
'say'
t
45o.
iri
'want'
n
282
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
Verb Sample Appendix B (Ayt Seghrouchen)
Unaugmented
Augmented
Causative
Reciprocal
Passive
1
b]
c 1
d!
) safr ! travel 1 ar i
i t:safar
) sifrt
) amsafr
2
a]
| sal ! ask ! arn
m: sal
t:usal
b]
I t : sal
t jm; sal
t;usal
3
a
) samh f forgive 1 ar i
msamah
•
b]
i t : samah
•
t;msamali
•
c]
1 lmusamaha
•
k
a]
b]
» sawm ! ask for ar t
the price 1
t : sawan
$
a!
b)
trzm ! translate
ar t
t:trzam
s : trzm
s : tyzam
c'
1 atyzm
i
283
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
6
a
) t:U
1 forget 1
i
b
) t:t:U
7
a
b
c
d
) wzd
) t:UZid
) muzud
»be
ready 1
ar
i
8
a
b
) zrbs
) t:xrbas
1 scratch 1
ar
i
9
a
b
) Z : <"
•
) t:z : *
•
! chase 1
t
10
a
b]
1 zn
1 dzan
1 sleep'
i
11
a]
b]
) ?fu
) l*fu
1 for give 1
ar
i
12
a]
b)
*ma
t:i^ma
l?ma
»be blind
or blind 1
ar
n
13
a)
b)
yba
t;iyba
f lie deep*
at
i
S:tsU
S : t:U
S:UZd
S:UZid
s 5 xrbs
s : xrbas
s 5 zn
S:zan
s s yba
s : yba
m: ?roa
t : m*ma
t:waz : *
t : waz • c
284
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
The Verb
11+
a)
b)
'dye'
t
1
l
IS
a)
yz:
• crunch 1
t
m:YZ:
t :UY? s
D)
t:Y?:
t : m yz ; a
t:UYZsa
285
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Sentences
This section lists examples of the different structures of
Tamazight. The examples consist of 157 pairs of sentences.
When a certain structure or sub- structure is discussed, it is
usually followed by one or more pairs of sentences to exemplify
the occurrence of such structure. The first member of each
pair of sentences is from Ayt Ayache, the second from
Ayt Seghrouchen.
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight Sentences
Sentences
Introduction
The discussion of sentences in Tamazight includes
A. The Verbless Sentence
B. The Verbal Sentence .
Each of these two types of structure can have any of the
following modes:
1. Affirmative
2. Interrogative
3 • Negative
4. Negative- Interrogative
The structures mentioned above (A.l - A. 4 and B.l - B.4)
as well as Imperative structures which are grouped under C,
will be found in the following examples. The examples include
157 pairs of sentences from the two dialects (i.e. 157 from
Ayt Ayache and 157 from Ayt Seghrouchen). When examples of
a certain structure or sub-structure are cited, usually one
or more pairs of sentences follow a short discussion. The
first sentence in each given pair is in the dialect of Ayt
Ayache, the second is in the Ayt Seghrouchen dialect.
A.l Verbless : Affirmative
Examples of such sentences are :
1. (A. A.) isminw muha .
(A.S.) isminw muha
My name is Mohamed.
287
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight Sentences
2. (A. A.) Inntfinw tlatin ?am .
(A.S.) l^mrinw tlatin <?am .
I am 30 years old*
A Verbless Affirmative structure may occur with /fur/ A. A. or
/fr/ A.S. f particle of possession* f Examples:
3* (A* A.) yurs yut trbat:
(A.S.) yrs ist ntrbat:
He has a girl.
4. (A. A,) yuri rb*a ntfunasin
(A.S.) yri rb*a ntfunasin
I have four cows.
or structures having the f presentational particles 1 /ha/ 5 /han/
A. A., /ha/, /han:/ A.S. Examples:
5. (A. A.) ha n s <?na?
(A.S.) ha n : ?na?
Here is the mint*
6. (A. A.) han atayns .
(A.S.) han : at : ayn : s *
Here is your tea.
288
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight Sentences
or with the help of /&/, 'particle of assertion. 1 Examples
7. (A. A.) muha dargaz nimru wahd .
(A.S.) muha daryaz n : imirwahd .
Mohamed is in fact an excellent man.
8. (A. A.) lhusayn dargaz
(A.S.) lhusayn daryaz
Lahoucine is indeed a man.
or as a greeting or a response to a greeting. Examples:
9. (A. A.) S:alaxnu?lik : um .
(A.S.) s:alamu?lik:um .
Hello, (to a man by a man)
10. (A. A.) sbah lxir amuha
• • •
( A . S . ) sbah lxir amuha
. .
Good morning, Mohamed.
A. 2 Verbless : Interrogative
Such sentences may occur in structures similar to the
above with an interrogative tome to them. Examples:
11. (A. A.) lwasun labas ?
(A.S.) lwasun labas ?
How is the family?
289
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight Sentences
12. (A. A.) furs sb?a isir s an ?
(A.S.) yrs sb?a l : wasun ?
Does he have seven children?
13. (A. A.) Sg s dmi ?
(A.S.) wakjd sk s ?
You (ms) and who else?
or with the interrogative particle /is/ before such structures
as the following:
14. (A.A.) is yurs sal lwaSun ?
(A.S.) is yrs sal lwasun ?
Do you have children?
They also occur with question words. Examples:
15. (A.A.) misnns ?
(A.S.) mismn s § ?
What is your name (ms) ?
16. (A.A.) ghal yl?mrns ?
(A.S.) mshal il*mrn s 5 ?
How old are you (ms) ?
290
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Sentences
17. (A.A.) Shal taq,b : ut:a ?
(A.S.) mshal itqb ; ut s u ? •* mshal taqb : ut : u ?
How much is this djellaba?
18. (A. A.) mani miha ?
(A.S.) mani nuha ?
Where is Mbhamed?
A. 3 Verbless: Negative
These structures occur with /ur-/ f negative particle 1 in
A*A* and A.S* or /urid:-/ f It f s not 1 in A.A. and A.S. Examples
19. (A.A.
(A.S.
I have
20. (A.A.
(A.S.
It is
21. (A.A.
(A.S.
uryuri lflus .
uryri lflus .
no money.
urid: am s wa
ulid: am wu
not like this (ms),
urid: fcm*u .
ulid: hm:u
It's not Hammou.
291
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Sentences
22. (A.A.) urid; nt-a .
(A.S.) ulid: nt s a .
It f s not him.
23. (A.A.) urid: sg- .
(A.S.) ulid: sk s .
It f s not you.
A. 4 Verbless : Negative - Interrogative
Such structures are achieved with the use of /isur-/
Negative - Interrogative particle in both dialects. Examples:
24. (A.A.
(A.S.
Doesn
25- (A.A.
(A.S.
Aren ! t
26. (A.A.
(A.S.
isur yviTS lflus ?
is uxyrs lflus ?
t he have money?
isurid: hsuma yifs ?
isulid: hsuma x§ ?
you (ms) ashamed?
isurid: nt s a ?
isulid: nt s a ?
Isn't that he?
292
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight Sentences
27. (A.A.) isurid: taqduhtns ayn-.a ?
(A.S.) isulid: taq.;nustn;S adin ?
Isn f t it his pot over there?
B.l Verbal : Affirmative
B.l.l Sentences having one verb . Examples:
28. (A.A.) tl : a da .
(A.S.) tl : a da #
She is here.
29. (A.A.) tl ; a ytxamt
(A.S.) tl : a ytxant .
It (f ) is in the tent.
30. (A.A.) td:U Y^ txamt
(A.S.) tralj y^ txamt
She went to the tent.
31. (A.A.) q-imn yfas .
(A.S.) q : ixm dy fas
They stayed in Fez.
293
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight Sentences
32. (A. A.) dayxd:m rauha yr : bad .
(A # S.) l 5 ayxd:m xnuha yr-bad •
• • •
Mohamed works in Rabat.
33. (A.A.) ha naiha id s ad .
(A.S.) ha naiha irahd: .
• • •
Here comes Mohamed.
3^. (A.A.) isas *li lflus inmha .
(A.S.) yusas *li lflus inuha .
Aly gave Maha money.
35. (A.A.) iwdnn; cari axatar .
(A.S.) iwdnn s l*ri amq s ran .
They reached (there) the high mountain.
36. (A.A.) datslcahn lwasun !c s u sbah .
(A.S.) liattl*:abn lwasun kul s s s bah .
The kids play every morning.
37. (A.A.) imun nuha dfadma sahidus
# •
(A.S.) imun muha dfadma rruhidus .
Mohamed and Fatma went to the dance.
294
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight Sentences
38. (A, A.) adid:u yv tad:artns .
(A.S.) adirah yr tad:artn : s
He will go home.
Notice that the word order of sentences consisting only
of a verb and its subject is preferably ;
Verb 4- Subject [in Construct State]
but sometimes can be:
Subject [in Free State] + Verb
Compare members of the following pairs :
39. (A.A.) if :Y umaziy
(A.S*) if-Y umaziy
The Berber went out,
40 # (A.A.) amaziy if:Y
(A.S.) amazir if.y
The Berber went out*
and
295
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Sentences
and
and
and
41. (A.A.
(A.S.
The man drank tea.
42. (A.A.
(A.S.
The man drank tea.
43. (A.A.
(A.S.
I saw
44. (A.A.
(A.S.
I saw
45. (A.A.
(A.S.
It (f
46.
(A.A.
(A.S.
iswa urgaz atay
iswu uryaz at: ay
argaz iswa atay
aryaz iswu at$ay .
zriy argaz t : md s ut: .
zrix aryaz t : mt:ut :
the man and the woman,
zriy tamd:ut: durgaz .
• • •
zrix tamt-ut: duryaz
the woman and the man.
ttsa tafunast duyyul
ttsu tafunast duyyul
ate the cow and the donkey.
itSa uyyul t-funast .
itsu uryul t s funast #
The donkey and the cow ate.
296
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Sentences
If any of the moveable affixes (i.e. object pronominal
affixes or particles of proximity, /d/ in A.A. and /d:/ in
A.S.j and remoteness, /n/ in A. A. and /n:/ in A.S.) occur,
they are post verbal if the sentence does not have any
temporal or modal prefixes, prepositions or conjunctions, and
pre-verbal if any of the above elements does occur in the
sentence. (See Pronominal Systems III. 3. )
Examples :
47 • (A. A.) isat : id .
(A.S.) yusast s d:
He gave it (f ) to him (nearer).
48. (A.A.) isastid .
(A.S.) yusastid .
He gave it (m) to him (nearer).
49. (A.A.) iyrfastid .
(A.S.) iyrfastid .
He threw it (m) at him (nearer).
50. (A.A.) dastidit : awy .
(A.S.) l:astidit : awy .
He is bringing it (m) (nearer) to him.
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
297
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight Sentences
51. (A. A.) yiwyastid .
(A.S.) yiwyastid •
He brought it (m) to him (nearer).
52. (A. A.) isyad xnuha xmsta?§ ntfunast .
(A.S.) isrud: nuha xmsta?S s ntfunast .
Mohamed bought fifteen cows (nearer).
53. (A. A.) tsyad fadma r"b?a yfuljusn .
(A.S.) tsyud: fadma rb*a y s azidn .
Patma bought four chickens (nearer).
54. (A,A.) argaz n s a disyan ircto aya .
(A.S*) aryaz din d:isrin irdn ayu .
This is the man who bought wheat (nearer).
(Also see #73* 75* 8l* 105* 106 3 107, 108, and many others.)
The verb f to be 1 , /g/ in A # A # and /i£/ in A.S., occurs
in many structures preceded by /ay/ f who, which, what 1 .
Examples :
55* (A. A. ) taxaint urgaz ay tga
(A.S.) taxan t uryaz ay tzu
This is the man's tent.
298
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight Sentences
56. (A. A.) iy : is ntslit ag : a .
(A.S.) yis ntslit-. ag-zu .
This is the bride's horse.
57. (A.A.) Sg : bulhnuani ay tgid .
(A.S.) sk s bulhm : am ay t^it .
You are the public bath attendant.
58. (A.A.) ayt ?y s as taq:bilt taxatart ay tga
(A.S.) ayt ?y s as taq s bilt taraq:rant ay t2u
Ayt Ayache is a big tribe.
59. (A.A. ) nk : ni inslmn ay nga .
(A.S.) ntsni imslmn ay n2u .
We are Moslems.
60. (A.A. ) nk : ni tarwa nmulay dris ay nga .
(A.S.) ntsni dar s a nnuulay dris ay nzu .
We are the offspring of Mulay Dris.
61. (A.A.) muha argaz izil. ag s a .
(A.S.) muha aryaz i?dln ag : 2u .
Mohamed is a nice man.
299
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight Sentences
62. (A*A # ) t : lawt izil: &yt tga •
(A.S«) t 5 lawt i*dln ay t2u .
This is a nice song*
B.1.2 Sentences having two verbs ,
Expressing English f to, in order to 1 is achieved by
the use of two verbs where the second is in the future form.
Examples :
63* (AJU) id*a adixdm •
(A # S . ) irah adixdm .
He went to work,
64. (A.A.) id : a adign .
(A.S*) irah adi2n .
He went to sleep.
65. (A.A.) d:an lahl l,*il ad:s : utr s tarbat; ilahkis
(A.S.) rahn lahl w s rba adsjutrn tarbat; ilahln s s
The boy T s parents went to ask for the girl f s hand
from her parents.
66. (K.A.) ikSmd adisl-m xf ?m*is .
(A.S.) yudfd: adisl : in xunu2i #
He came in to greet his uncle (paternal).
300
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight Sentences
67. (A.A.) riy add: uy Y? s : uq : .
(A.S.) byix adrahx yr s : uq s
I want to go to the market.
68. (A.A.) riy aditrard Y* tmazirtinw .
(A.S.) byix aditr : t fr txnurtinw .
I want you to take me back to my country.
69. (A.A.) tra at s d:U yt ?t s is .
(A.S.) tbya at 5 rah ^r *t;is .
She wants to go visit her aunt (paternal).
The use of conjunctions necessitates two verbs. Examples:
70. (A.A.) *d:an win s a days-.an lq;hwa imalik : an
(A.S.) g:utn idin is*n lq : hwa ixnarikan
There are a lot of people who drink coffee in America,
71. (A.A.) nk : ni tarwa ninulay dris n : a yndln
yfas ay nga .
(A.S.) ntsni dar s a nuulay dris udin indln
di fas aynzu
We are the offspring of Malay Dris who is buried
in Fez.
301
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight Sentences
72. (A,A.) imyu:8an nuha d*li yr : tad n s a
y2m*n .
(A.S # ) imyus-an raiha d*li ir : bad dindi
2m?n
Muha and Aly got acquainted in Rabat where they met.
73* (A. A.) art:mSawar : mims ast : g s an
atsnyin
(A . S . ) alt : msawarn mi sm asyazn
at $ nyn
They were consulting how to manage to kill him.
lh. (A. A,) ad:ay nra ang atay dans:naw aman
b?da #
(A.S.) ad:ay nbya an s 2 at 5 ay l s ans:naw aman
b?da .
When we want to make tea* we boil water first.
75. (A.A # ) ad 5 ay yawd l*il xf yiwl , dast : xt
ayt uxarans tarbat: n : as it : i*2ibn #
(A.S.) ad: ay yawd urba yyiway , l:ast : xtarn
ayt uxantits tarbat: din asit;i?2ibn .
When the boy reaches the age of marriage, his family
chooses the girl he likes.
302
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight Sentences
76. (A. A*) artswaryay am:i l : an sb*a itran
(A.S*) l s at s ir2itx am s ani l s an sb*a ytran
I dreamt of seven stars •
77. (A.A.) artswaryay is l : an sb?a yiyun .
(A.S.) l:at 5 ir2itx is l : an sb?a yfunasn
I dreamt that there were seven oxen.
78. (A.A.) iyal is tga tamd : ut s i§il:
(A.S # ) in : a is tzu tamtsuts i?dln
He thought that she was a nice woman,
79. (A.A.) l;iy t:isal xf ixoidi tn s as ur yuvi
Is In .
(A.S.) zg s a t:isal xixnndi , tn : as uryri Is in .
When he asked her about wheat, she told him that
she has none.
80. (A.A.) iq-im al : iy iwhl .
(A.S.) iq : im azg : a yuhl .
He stayed until he got tired.
81. (A.A.) dsan al s iy n s iwdn *ari axatar .
(A.S.) rahn azg : a n s iwdn l?ri amq-ran .
• • • •
They went until they reached (far) the high mountain.
303
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Sentences
Conditional sentences have two verbs also and occur
with the conditional particles:
ms (A.A.j A.S.)
mr (A.A.j A.S. )
msur (A.A.j A.S.)
mrid: (A. A.)
mlid: (A.S.)
if (possible, probable)
if (impossible* contrary
to fact)
if not (possible)
if not (impossible*
contrary to fact)
if not (impossible*
contrary to fact)
Examples :
82. (A. A.) ms iwta mizar urt:f s q s
(A.S.) ms iwtu wnzar urt:f ; x s
If it rains I will not go out.
83. (A.A.) ms qbl : , dat:dsun adqd*n .
(A.S.) ms qbln , l s ag s um adqd*n .
If they agree, they go register the marriage.
84. (A.A.) m§ trid at»g s anid al» ask s a .
(A.S.) ms tbyit at s r2it , aljutsa* .
If you want to wait, let it be tomorrow.
85. (A.A.) m§ dhr : isignaw , adiwt unzar .
(A.S.) ms dhrn isinaw , adiwt unzar
If clouds appear, it will rain.
al + dutsa
304
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight Sentences
86. (A.A.) ms syay sa , td s ut at s an s ayt
adbib .
(A.S.) ms syuy Sa , traht at ; zrt adbib.
If you are sick, go and see the doctor.
87. (A.A.) m§ qblj , dat : dun l*il t s rbat :
dlahlnsn yl Xbiru adqd?n .
(A.S.) ms qbto , l : ayg : ur urba t s rbat s
dlahln : sn jl lbiru adqd?n
If they agree, the boy and the girl and their parents
go to register.
88. (A.A.) mSur astidisi adastis:utr .
(A.S.) msur astidiwsi adastis s utr .
If he does not give it (m) to him (nearer), he will
ask him for it (m).
89. (A.A.) mSurdid:i ask : a addruy Y^ midlt
(A.S.) msur d:irah dutsa adwa^djc midlt .
If he does not come tomorrow, I will go to Midelt.
90. (A.A.) msur dtd;i fadma as-a , and:u
ad:Yi f snk: ask: a imidlt .
(A.S.) mSurd:trah fadma idu , an s rah
ad:xsnk: dutsa imidlt
If Patma does not come (here ) today, then we go and
visit her (together) in Midelt tomorrow.
305
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight Sentences
91. (A.A.) mr yuri l s in lflus idl : i , ljasyiy
igran n?li
(A.S.) mr yri l : in lflus idn s at : , l-.asrix
izran n<?li
If i had the money yesterday, I would have bought
Aly's fields.
92. (A.A.) mr it s n s id adasiniy aditntidis .
(A.S.) mr it : n : it l ; anixas aditntid:iws .
Had you told me, I would have asked him to give them (f )
to me.
93. (A.A.) mrid: isuridawa dUalb l?il l-aym-ut .
(A.S.) mlid: isuridawa tjalh arba l : aym:ut .
Had the Sheikh not cured the boy, he would have died.
94. (A.A.) mrid: istzriy idl.i , l : asi Y as lh2ab .
(A.S.) mlid: is tzrix idn-.at: ljawSixas lh2ab .
If I had seen him yesterday, I would have given him
the amulet.
95. (A.A.) mrid: isurdhirn isigiaw idl s i urikjat
unzar as ; a .
(A.S.) mlid: isurdhirn isinaw idn : at s uritsat
unzar idu #
• • • •
Had clouds not appeared yesterday, rain would not
have fallen today.
306
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight Sentences
96. (A.A.) mrid: isurastidiSi , adastis : utr .
(A.S.) mlid: isurastidiwsi p adastis : utr .
Had he not given it (m) to him (nearer ) > he would
have asked him for it (m).
97 • (A.A.) mrid: §a yadn urt:it$awy sql 5 xm
st s my:at ryal .
(A.S.) mlid: hd: dnin , urt:it$awy sql:
mo st:BQT:at ryal #
If it were somebody else, I would not have sold it (f )
for less than 600 Rials.
The use of Aorist in narration to denote a perfective % iraper-
fective or future action (i.e. past, present or future) is
exemplified in the following sentences.
98. (A.A.) idl:i id: a muha ^r s s uq,: isr sk 8 r
day i*ayd: yr tad: art .
(A.S.) idn:at: irah muha rr s s uq: isr sk : ar
. . . • . .
day i*id yr tad: art .
yesterday, MDha went to the market, bought sugar,
then came back home.
99. (A.A.) k:u s s bah ad:ay tk$r g s its datsjaya
l*afit day ts s nw aman day t*m*r atay
day tls i*ban$ l s xdmt day td:U sigran .
307
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight Sentences
(A # S # ) kill- s s bah ad:ay tk s r tg : nud:m , l s at:saYa
l*afit , day ts 5 nw amaa f day t?nur at: ay 9
day tird i*ban s l : xdnt day twa*d i2ran .
Every morning when she wakes up, she makes a fire and
boils water, then makes tea, then puts on work clothes
and then goes to the fields.
100. (A # A.) ask*a adid:U rr s : uq adiz s nz inndi ,
isr yut tqb.tit: , i?dl iduSa day
i*ayd: Y* tad: art •
(A.S.) dutsa adirah y* s : uq: adiz s nz ixmdi
isy ist ntqt>:ut: , i*dl idusa day
i*idd; fr tad: art .
Tomorrow he will go to the market to sell wheat, buy
a djellaba, repair shoes, and then go "back home.
B.2 Verbal ; Interrogative
This is achieved by the use of this interrogative particle
/is-/ prefixed to a verb in the past (A .A. and A.S.) or the
interrogative particle /id:-/ (A.A. ) or /isd-/ (A.S.) prefixed
to a verb in the future. Examples:
101. (A.A.) is ifrh nana ?
(A.S.) is ifrh nfaha ?
Is Mohamed happy?
102. (A.A.) is i*m s r S;uq s maduhu ?
(A.S.) is i*m s r s s uq : u mad ihi ?
Is the market full or not?
308
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Sentences
103. (A. A.) isdats : am atay ytmazirtn s un mad uhu ?
(A.S.) ists s m at:ay itmurtruun mad ihi ?
Do you (mp) drink tea in your country or not?
104. (A.A.) idjadimcawan muha d*li ?
(A.S.) isdadinwawan muha d*li ?
Will Mohamed and Aly help each other?
Notice that the use of the particles mentioned above
causes the moveable particles to be pre-verbal. Examples:
105. (A.A.
(A.S.
Did he throw it (m) at him?
106. (A.A.
(A.S.
107. (A.A.
(A.S.
Did he
108. (A.A.
(A.S.
isastiyrf ?
isastiyrf ?
isastidisa ?
isastidyusu ?
Did he give it (m) to him (nearer)?
isast:isa ?
isast s yusu ?
give it (f ) to him (nearer)?
isastidit s awy ?
isastidit : awy ?
Is he bringing it (m) to him (nearer)?
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
309
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight Sentences
Two verbs might occur in such constructions. Examples:
109. (A.A.) istrid at*dud Y? s : uq* ?
(A.S.) is tbyit at:raht y? s*uq* ?
Do you want to go to the market?
110. (A.A.) isas in s a adid s u ?
(A.S.) isas in : a dad-.irah ?
Did he tell you that he will go?
111. (A.A.) isdsau adqd*n ?
(A.S.) israhn adq.d*n ?
Did they go to register the marriage?
112. (A.A.) idsad:d:un adrif^Y^:* ?
(A.S.) isdadsrahn adixnxk»n ?
Will they come to visit us (nearer)?
The use of question words in interrogative sentences
is exemplified toy the following.
113* (A.A.) marr id 5 a *li ?
(A.S.) maniyr irah *li ?
Where did Aly go?
310
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight Sentences
ll4 # (A,A.) mag 5 a s : uq: as-a ?
(A.S*) mag ; 2u s s uq s idu ?
How is the market today?
115. (A*A # ) may vurun did:an ?
(A.S.) wid: Y^ua irah ?
Who came to your (mp ) house?
Sentence #116 below shows that the moveable particle /-aS-/
f to you 1 is pre verbal in the environment of the question word /ma/
: what' :
116. (A.A.) mas tga s : aht ?
(A.S.) mas t2u s : alit ?
How are you (ms) ?
B,3 Verbal : Negative
This is achieved by the negative prefix /ur-/ in A.A. and
A.S. before verbs in the past or /ur-/ in A«A. and /ul:i-/
in A.S. before habitual stems. Examples:
117. (A.A # ) uryan : ay ag : d yun bnadm .
(A # S.) urizri ulad idz nbnadm .
He did not see a single person.
311
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Sentences
118.
119.
120.
121.
A. A.) urtyan : ay ag s d yun bnadm .
A.S.) urtizri ulad id2 nbnadxn •
Not even a single person saw him.
A.A.) urd5in s an s ayY am: wa .
A.S.) urymri zrix am wu
I never saw some T^JJine\ like this *
A.A.) urdzin s d:ir Yr s s uq s nmidlt .
A.S.) ur *mri rahx yr s s uq s nmidlt .
I never went to the Midelt market.
A.A.) ur : iY ad:uy Y? s s uq :
A.S.) urbyix adrahx yr s s uq : .
122.
123.
jdo)
I {^(A no "t want to go to the market.
A.A.) urdayitsi*2ib t ; f : ah .
A.S.) ul s iyiyt;ir2ib t»f«ah .
I don't like apples.
A.A.) urdat:d:uv yr s ; uq : nmidlt
A.S.) »l:igiurx yr S;uq s nmidlt
I never go to the Midelt market.
312
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight Sentences
The occurrence of the negative particles /ur-/ or /ul:i-/
causes the moveable particles to be preverbal. Examples:
124, (A. A.) urdtd:i rr s : uq : as-a .
(A.S.) urd:trah yr s : uq : idu .
• • •
She did not come to market today.
125. (A .A.) urn s t;d:u yr s»uq s ask; a .
(A.S.) urn : tg s ur fr s : uq s dutsa .
She will not go (far) to the market tomorrow.
126- fA.A.1 urtidniwy
(A.S.) urtidniwy .
We did not bring it (m) (nearer).
127. (A.A.) urn s ids i re s s uq : , urixdim gsgranns .
(A.S.) urnsirah Y r s : uqs , urixdim g s 2rann s s
He neither went (far) to the market nor worked in his
fields.
128. (A.A.) urastidisi .
(A.S.) urastidyusi .
He did not give it (m) to him (nearer).
313
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Sentences
B.4 Verbal t Negative-Interrogative
This structure is achieved by the prefixation of
/isur-/ to a verb, /isur-/ also causes the moveable particles
to be preverbal. Examples:
129. (A. A.
(A.S.
Didn't
130. (A.A.
(A.S.
Didn't
131. (A.A.
(A.S.
Isn't
132. (A.A.
(A.S.
isurastisi ?
i suras tiwsi ?
he give it (m) to him?
isurast s idisi ?
isurast s d s yusi ?
he give it (f ) to him (nearer)?
isurast:idit s awy ?
isurast:d:it»awy ?
he bringing it (f) to him (nearer)?
isurixdim muha as : a ?
isurixdim muha idu ?
Didn't Mohamed cook today?
31^
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight Sentences
C. Imperative Structures
An imperative structure can occur without a verb^ e.g.
(A.A.) the use of the particle /awra/ f Come J f
133* (A.A # ) awra .
(A.S.) awru .
Cornel
Other than that, all imperative structures include a verb.
Imperative structures directed to second person may contain
one or more verbs. Examples of such imperatives with one
verb are
13^. (A.A.) xdm »
(A.S.) xdm !
Work!
135* (A .A.) xdm aniiha I
(A.S.) xdm anuha I
Work, Mohamed!
136. (A.A.) xd;m asidi I
(A.S.) 3Cd s m asidi I
Do work, Mister! or Get in the habit of working, Mister!
315
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight Sentences
137 • (A.A.) ns ylman .
(A.A.) ns ylman .
Good night •
138. (A.A. ) ini n?am imays
(A.S.) ini ncam iyn^as .
Answer your mother.
Notice that habitual stems can occur to express an
energetic Imperative. Example:
139. (A.A.) xd:m •
(A.S.) xd s m .
Do work! Or Get in the habit of working.
Examples of Imperatives having two verbs in the
imperative :
140. (A.A.) dsu xdm !
(A.S.) sir xdm !
Go work!
141. (A.A.) d:ut xnunat .
(A.S.) sirm mxnm .
Go together.
316
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight Sentences
Examples of sentences having one verb in the imperative and
another verb in the future to express such ideas as "go in order
to work" are
142. (A # A.) q : is sa yzlan ixnuha adis s rd .
(A.S.) q s is sa yzlan inuha adis : yd .
Sing some songs to Muha so that he can hear you.
143. (A. A.) ad:ud atsl : md xf unbyi .
(A«S # ) awru at : sl : mt xunuSi
Come greet the guest.
144. (A # A # ) d:uyat at:Z;nzm irto
(A.S.) sirm at s z : nzin irdn
Go (mp) to sell the wheat.
145. (A.A.) d:uyat at : sl : mm xf muha .
(A.S.) sirm at : sl : mm xmufta .
Go (mp) and say hello to the young man.
Second person Imperative structures could be expressed
without the use of an imperative form. Examples here use
/ixs:a/ ! It ! s necessary, you have to 1 followed by a verb
in the future form,
146. (A.A.) ixs s a aditinid lhq : .
(A.S.) ixs : adinit lhq :
You have to tell me the truth.
317
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Sentences
147* (A*A.) ixs.a aditidtawid adan s ayy .
(A # S # ) ixst aditit : awit at s zrx .
Bring him here so that I see him.
148. (A.A.) ixs s a aditrzmd tawaryit:a .
(A.S.) ixs s aditrzmt tir2it : u .
You must explain that dream for me.
Negative Imperative (second person) structures are
realized by the use of /adur-/ before a habitual stem.
Notice /adur-/ causes the moveable affixes to be preverbal.
149. (A.A.
(A.S.
Don't
150. (A.A.
(A.S.
Don't
151. (A.A.
(A.S.
adurdtjlcab da .
adurd:t s l?ab da .
play (nearer) here.
adurastidt s awy .
adurastidt s awy .
bring it (m) nearer.
adurastidtak s at dri .
adurastidttsitst durt s x
Don't give it (m) to him (nearer) now.
318
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar
Tamazight
Sentences
First person imperatives (i.e. hortatory or cohortative
constructions expressing an exhortation or suggestion for
first person) occur with verb /k:r/ 'to get up' or the particle
/yal:ah/ 'let us'. Examples:
152.
153.
A.A.
A.S.
Let us
A.A.
A.S.
Let us go and shop.
154.
155.
156.
A.A.
A.S.
Let us
A.A.
A.S.
Let us
A.A.
A.S.
yal s ah answ atay »
yal : ah answ at; ay
(go and) have (drink) tea,
yal;ah and*u answ : q s
yal : ah an s rah an ; sw;q
• • •
k:ray and:u yr s s uq:
k 5 rax: an : rah yr s s uq-
(mp) go to the market.
k s rar and:U t 5 afad an : awd zik: answ-qj
k s rax an : rah t : af an : awd zii an;«w : q
• • * ■ • -a.
(mp) go so we will be there early and stop.
k : rntaY and:u yr tad: art .
k s rntax an s rah. yr tad: art .
Let us (fp) go home.
319
Digitized by
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Reference Grammar Tamazight Sentences
The Aorist may be used after an imperative form to
express second person imperative. Example:
157. (A # A.) d : u y^ ?ari tzdmd: Say syar : tgd
l?afit tssnud aksum iwnbyi
(A.S.) sir Yl l^ri tzdntd: say syarn f t2t
l?afit , ts s nut aysum rwnuzi
Go to the mountain^ collect (nearer) some wood, make
a fire and cook meat for the guest.
320
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
INDEX
Comparative Notes:
on Numerical System in A.S.^33
on Phonology in A. S., 19-20
on Pronominal System in A. S., 77-85
on the Noun, 126-130
on the Verb, 216-239
Con juctions :
of Ayt Ayache,l4l-l43
of Ayt Seghrouchen, 143-145
Consonants :
alveolar, 2
alveo-palatal, 2
bilabial, 2
dental, 2
emphatic, 8
flat, 5, 7
fortis, 11
glottal, 2
labialized, 5, 7, 8
labio-dental, 2
lax, 2, 11
lenis, 11
list of, 2
non-emphatic, 8
palatal, 2
pharyngeal, 2
post-palatal, 2
pronunciation of, 5
/s/, tongue position for, 10
/s/, tongue postion for, 10
syllabic, 11
/t/, tongue position for, 9
/t/, tongue position for, 9
table of, 4
tense, 2, 7> 11
uvular, 2
velar, 2
voiced, 2
voiceless, 2
Noun:
affixes
masculine singular, 93-94
masculine plural, 94-95
feminine singular, 95-96
feminine plural, §6-97
augmentative, 116
collective
plural, 117
singular, 116
composed, 118
construct state
masculine nouns, 119-120
feminine nouns, 120-121
conditions for, 121-126
definite, 92
diminutives, 115-116
gender, 89, 92, 93
indefinite, 92
number, 89, 93
plural
feminine external, 109-111
feminine internal, 111-112
feminine mixed, 112
masculine external, 97-104
masculine internal, 104-107
masculine mixed, lo7-109
with /ayt/, 115
with different roots, 115
with /id-/,/ist:/, 114-115
stems
basic, 88-92
derived, 92, 182-185
unity, 117
Numerical System:
cardinal, 22-29
fractions, 31-33
ordinal, 29-31
Particles:
conditional, 150
derivation of, 200-207
interrogative (A. A.), 132-136
interrogative (A.S.), 137-l4l
presentational, 149
vocative, 150
Prepositions:
Ayt Ayache, 145-147
Ayt Seghrouchen, l47-l49
Pronominal Affixes:
direct object of verb
affirmative, 49-52
321
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
interrogative, 61-63
negative, 55-58
negative-interrogative, 66-69
indirect object of verb
affirmative, 46-49
interrogative, 58-61
negative, 52-55
negative-interrogative, 63-66
Pronouns :
affixes (see Pronominal)
demonstrative, ha, han, 71
demonstrative, singular, 69
demonstrative, plural, 69
demonstrative, pron. suffixes, 69-71
indefinite, every, each, 76
indefinite, proximate, 74-75
indefinite, remote, 75-76
personal, emphatic, 35
personal, independent forms, 35
possessive, independent set, 36-37
possessive, pronominal suffixes, 37-44
relative, object, 74
relative, subject, 72-74
Semi -Vowels:
table of, 4
pronunciation of, 5
see also Vowels and Consonants
Sentences:
imperative structures, 315-320
verbal: affirmative, 293-308
verbal: interrogative, 308-311
verbal -.negative, 311-314
verbal :neg. -interrogative, 314-3=15
verbless: affirmative, 287-289
verbless : interrogative, 289-291
verbless : negative, 291-292
verbless :neg. -interrogative, 292-293
Syllable :
structure of, 15
stress of, 17
Verb :
affixes
fixed discontc morpheme, 158=160
fixed prefix, 155-157
fixed suffix, 158
movable, 154-155
derivational processes
causative stem, 179
future tense, 195-197
habitual VH of unaug, stem, 176-178
imperative structures, 187-192
participles, 200-202
passive verb stem, 181-182
past tense, 192-195
present tense, 197-200
reciprocal verb stem, 179-181
list of (A .A.), 262-282
morpho£honemic sketch
examples, 210-215
general rules, 207-210
sample appendix A, 240-261
sample appendix B, 283-285
stems
ablauted, 160-173
basic, 153
conjugations, 170-173
derived, 153, 182-185
metathesis in, 165-I66
unablauted, 160, 167-171
Vowels :
list of, 2
table of, 4
rules for allophones, 13
table of allophones, 12
Digitized by
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
322
Original from
UNIVERSITYQF MICHIGAN
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
3 f Wr~..o3^f2 06 OZ.
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Digitized by Original from
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Open Library
American Libraries
TV News
Understanding 9/11